A Review Paper on Big data & Hadoop

Big data is dataset that having the ability to capture, manage & process the data in elapsed time .Managing the data is the big issue. And now days the huge amount of data is produced in the origination so the big data concept is in picture. It is data set that can manage and process the data. For managing the data the big data there are many technique are used .One of this technique is Hadoop. Hadoop can handle the huge amount of data, it is very cost effective, and it can handle huge amount of data so processing speed is very fast, and also it can create a duplicate copy of data in case of system failure or to prevent the loss of data.This paper contains the Introduction of big data and Hadoop, characteristics of big data ,problem associated with big data, architecture of big data and Hadoop, other component of hadoop, advantages, disadvantages and applications of Hadoop and also the conclusion

Pandanus odoratissimus

Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. (family: Pandanaceae) is traditionally recommended by the Indian Ayurvedic medicines for treatment of headache, rheumatism, spasm, cold/flu, epilepsy, wounds, boils, scabies, leucoderma, ulcers, colic, hepatitis, smallpox, leprosy, syphilis, and cancer and as a cardiotonic, antioxidant, dysuric, and aphrodisiac. It contains phytochemicals, namely, lignans and isoflavones, coumestrol, alkaloids, steroids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, glycosides, proteins, amino acids as well as vitamins and nutrients, and so forth. It is having immense importance in nutrition. A 100 g edible Pandanus pericarp is mainly comprised of water and carbohydrates (80 and 17 g, resp.) and protein (1.3 mg), fat (0.7 mg), and fiber (3.5 g). Pandanus fruits paste provides 321 kilocalories, protein (2.2 g), calcium (134 mg), phosphorus (108 mg), iron (5.7 mg), thiamin (0.04 mg), vitamin C (5 mg), and beta-carotene (19 to 19,000 μg) (a carotenoid that is a precursor to vitamin A). Pandanus fruit is an important source of vitamins C, B1, B2, B3, and so forth, usually prepared as a Pandanus floured drink. Traditional claims were scientifically evaluated by the various authors and the phytochemical profile of plant parts was well established. The methods for analytical estimations were developed. However, there is paucity of systematic compilation of scientifically important information about this plant. In the present review we have systematically reviewed and compiled information of pharmacognostic, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, nutritional aspects, and analytical methods. This review will enrich knowledge leading the way into the discovery of new therapeutic agents with improved and intriguing pharmacological properties

Impact of nucleic acid sequencing on viroid biology

Abstract: The early 1970s marked two breakthroughs in the field of biology: (i) The development of nucleotide sequencing technology; and, (ii) the discovery of the viroids. The first DNA sequences were obtained by two-dimensional chromatography which was later replaced by sequencing using electrophoresis technique. The subsequent development of fluorescence-based sequencing method which made DNA sequencing not only easier, but many orders of magnitude faster. The knowledge of DNA sequences has become an indispensable tool for both basic and applied research. It has shed light biology of viroids, the highly structured, circular, single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules that infect numerous economically important plants. Our understanding of viroid molecular biology and biochemistry has been intimately associated with the evolution of nucleic acid sequencing technologies. With the development of the next-generation sequence method, viroid research exponentially progressed, notably in the areas of the molecular mechanisms of viroids and viroid diseases, viroid pathogenesis, viroid quasi-species, viroid adaptability, and viroid–host interactions, to name a few examples. In this review, the progress in the understanding of viroid biology in conjunction with the improvements in nucleotide sequencing technology is summarized. The future of viroid research with respect to the use of third-generation sequencing technology is also briefly envisaged

Viroid-derived small RNA induces early flowering in tomato plants by RNA silencing

Abstract: Viroid infection often leads to early flowering in the host plant. This report describes the targeting of the FRIGIDA-like protein 3 (FRL3) mRNA in tomato plants by a small RNA derived from the conserved left terminal region of the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). This targeting leads to the silencing of the FRL3 mRNA. Viroid infection assays using a severe variant of PSTVd induced early flowering in tomato plants by the down-regulation of greater amounts of the target than did a mild PSTVd variant. The targeting of the FRL3 mRNA by RNA silencing was validated by both an artificial microRNA experiment transiently expressing viroid-derived small RNAs in tomato plants, and by 5′ RNA ligase- mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). These data unambiguously demonstrated the role of small RNAs in the early flowering seen in viroid-infected plants

Revisiting the non-coding nature of pospiviroids

Abstract : Viroids are small, circular, highly structured pathogens that infect a broad range of plants, causing economic losses. Since their discovery in the 1970s, they have been considered as non-coding pathogens. In the last few years, the discovery of other RNA entities, similar in terms of size and structure, that were shown to be translated (e.g., cirRNAs, precursors of miRNA, RNA satellites) as well as studies showing that some viroids are located in ribosomes, have reignited the idea that viroids may be translated. In this study, we used advanced bioinformatic analysis, in vitro experiments and LC-MS/MS to search for small viroid peptides of the PSTVd. Our results suggest that in our experimental conditions, even though the circular form of PSTVd is found in ribosomes, no produced peptides were identified. This indicates that the presence of PSTVd in ribosomes is most probably not related to peptide production but rather to another unknown function that requires further study

Citrus exocortis viroid causes ribosomal stress in tomato plants

Abstract: Viroids are naked RNAs that do not code for any known protein and yet are able to infect plants causing severe diseases. Because of their RNA nature, many studies have focused on the involvement of viroids in RNA-mediated gene silencing as being their pathogenesis mechanism. Here, the alterations caused by the Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) on the tomato translation machinery were studied as a new aspect of viroid pathogenesis. The presence of viroids in the ribosomal fractions of infected tomato plants was detected. More precisely, CEVd and its derived viroid small RNAs were found to co-sediment with tomato ribosomes in vivo, and to provoke changes in the global polysome profiles, particularly in the 40S ribosomal subunit accumulation. Additionally, the viroid caused alterations in ribosome biogenesis in the infected tomato plants, affecting the 18S rRNA maturation process. A higher expression level of the ribosomal stress mediator NAC082 was also detected in the CEVd-infected tomato leaves. Both the alterations in the rRNA processing and the induction of NAC082 correlate with the degree of viroid symptomatology. Taken together, these results suggest that CEVd is responsible for defective ribosome biogenesis in tomato, thereby interfering with the translation machinery and, therefore, causing ribosomal stress

Current overview on viroid–host interactions

Abstract: Viroids are one of the most enigmatic highly structured, circular, single-stranded RNA phytopathogens. Although they are not known to code for any peptide, viroids induce visible symptoms in susceptible host plants that resemble those associated with many plant viruses. It is known that viroids induce disease symptoms by direct interaction with host factors; however, the precise mechanism by which this occurs remains poorly understood. Studies on the host's responses to viroid infection, host susceptibility and nonhost resistance have been underway for several years, but much remains to be done in order to fully understand the complex nature of viroid–host interactions. Recent progress using molecular biology techniques combined with computational algorithms, in particular evidence of the role of viroid-derived small RNAs in the RNA silencing pathways of a disease network, has widened the knowledge of viroid pathogenicity. The complexity of viroid–host interactions has been revealed in the past decades to include, but not be limited to, the involvement of host factors, viroid structural complexity, and viroid-induced ribosomal stress, which is further boosted by the discovery of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). In this review, the current understanding of the viroid–host interaction has been summarized with the goal of simplifying the complexity of viroid biology for future research

Potato spindle tuber viroid infection triggers degradation of chloride channel protein CLC-b-like and Ribosomal protein S3a-like mRNAs in tomato plants

Abstract : It is well established that viroid derived small RNA (vd-sRNA) induces RNA silencing of endogenous mRNA. However, it remains not clear how exactly viroid infections can lead to severe symptom induction given the fact that fewer vd-sRNAs binding the specific target mRNAs were recovered from the infected plants. To answer this question, the two least expressed (+) and (−) strand vd-sRNAs of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) binding to both the 3′ UTR and the coding region of tomato mRNAs were analyzed by infecting tomato plants with two variants of PSTVd. As products of these putative target mRNAs are involved in plant phenotype, the effect of this viroid on these genes were analyzed by infecting tomato plants with two variants of PSTVd. The direct interaction between the vd-sRNAs and putative mRNAs was validated by artificial microRNA experiments in a transient expression system and by RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Parallel analysis of RNA ends of viroid infected plants revealed the widespread cleavage of the target mRNAs in locations other than the vd-sRNA binding site during the viroid infection implying the viroid-infection induced vd-sRNA independent degradation of endogenous mRNAs during viroid infection

3' RNA ligase mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends for validating viroid induced cleavage at the 3' extremity of the host mRNA

Abstract : 5′ RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5′ RLM-RACE) is a widely-accepted method for the validation of direct cleavage of a target gene by a microRNA (miRNA) and viroid-derived small RNA (vd-sRNA). However, thi\s method cannot be used if cleavage takes place in the 3′ extremity of the target RNA, as this gives insufficient sequence length to design nested PCR primers for 5′ RLM RACE. To overcome this hurdle, we have developed 3′ RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends (3′ RLM RACE). In this method, an oligonucleotide adapter having 5′ adenylated and 3′ blocked is ligated to the 3′ end of the cleaved RNA followed by PCR amplification using gene specific primers. In other words, in 3′ RLM RACE, 3′ end is mapped using 5′ fragment instead of small 3′ fragment. The method developed here was verified by examining the bioinformatics predicted and parallel analysis of RNA ends (PARE) proved cleavage sites of chloride channel protein CLC-b-like mRNA in Potato spindle tuber viroid infected tomato plants. The 3′ RLM RACE developed in this study has the potential to validate the miRNA and vd-sRNA mediated cleavage of mRNAs at its 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR)