Reactivity of human sera to VP1 proteins of chimpanzee and human polyomaviruses.

<p>Antibody reactivity was assessed against 4 chimpanzee polyomaviruses (ChPyV, PtrovPyV3, PtrovPyV4 and PtrosPyV2) and 2 human polyomaviruses (HPyV9 and JCPyV) using sera from German (n = 111) and of plasma samples from Ivorian subjects (n = 115). Samples were analysed for seroreactivity with a capsomer-based IgG ELISA using the VP1 major capsid protein of the above polyomaviruses as antigens. The spread of absorbance measurement is shown with green and red dots (representing the German and Ivorian panels, respectively). COVs are shown as solid lines within the graph (COVs of Germans/Ivorians: ChPyV: 0.057/0.034; PtrovPyV3: 0.046/0.070; PtrovPyV4: 0.038/0.012; PtrosPyV2: 0.081/0.080; HPyV9: 0.089/0.066; JCPyV: 0.047/0.079).</p

Bayesian chronogram deduced from the analysis of a 244 amino acid alignment of VP1 sequences.

<p>Polyomaviruses were identified in humans (red), apes (blue), other primates (green), and other mammals and birds (black). Novel polyomaviruses identified in this study are marked with a star and relevant clades to which they belong are highlighted by lettered circles. Viruses from which VP1 was used in serological assays are highlighted by colored rectangles. The human polyomavirus MXPyV has the same phylogenetic position as HPyV10 and is not shown. Support values are given above branches where posterior probability (pp) >0.95 and bootstrap values (Bp) >50. The tree presented is the maximum clade credibility tree. The scale axis is indicated in amino acid substitutions per site.</p

Branch support values for selected clades in VP1, VP2 and large T phylogenetic analyses.

a<p>Clades are designated by the same letter code as used in <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003429#ppat-1003429-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>.</p>b<p>Branch support values are given as posterior probabilities/bootstrap values. The corresponding phylogenetic trees are available as <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003429#ppat-1003429-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a> (VP1), <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003429#ppat.1003429.s006" target="_blank">Figure S6</a> (VP2) and <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003429#ppat.1003429.s007" target="_blank">Figure S7</a> (large T).</p>c<p>-: not a clade in the corresponding analysis.</p>d<p>na: not applicable, i.e., none of the novel polyomaviruses included in group g allowed for whole genome recovery.</p

Novel polyomaviruses detected in nonhuman primates.

a<p>Living conditions: w, wild; c, held in captivity; s, born in the wild but kept in a sanctuary.</p>b<p>DRC = Democratic Republic of Congo.</p

Global Distribution of Novel Rhinovirus Genotype

Global surveillance for a novel rhinovirus genotype indicated its association with community outbreaks and pediatric respiratory disease in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. Molecular dating indicates that these viruses have been circulating for at least 250 years