Risk factors and a predictive model for under-five mortality in Nigeria: evidence from Nigeria demographic and health survey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Under-5 mortality is a major public health challenge in developing countries. It is essential to identify determinants of under-five mortality (U5M) childhood mortality because these will assist in formulating appropriate health programmes and policies in order to meet the United Nations MDG goal. The objective of this study was to develop a predictive model and identify maternal, child, family and other risk factors associated U5M in Nigeria.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Population-based cross-sectional study which explored 2008 demographic and health survey of Nigeria (NDHS) with multivariable logistic regression. Likelihood Ratio Test, Hosmer-Lemeshow Goodness-of-Fit and Variance Inflation Factor were used to check the fit of the model and the predictive power of the model was assessed with Receiver Operating Curve (ROC curve).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>This study yielded an excellent predictive model which revealed that the likelihood of U5M among the children of mothers that had their first marriage at age 20-24 years and ≥ 25 years declined by 20% and 30% respectively compared to children of those that married before the age of 15 years. Also, the following factors reduced odds of U5M: health seeking behaviour, breastfeeding children for > 18 months, use of contraception, small family size, having one wife, low birth order, normal birth weight, child spacing, living in urban areas, and good sanitation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study has revealed that maternal, child, family and other factors were important risk factors of U5M in Nigeria. This study has identified important risk factors that will assist in formulating policies that will improve child survival.</p

Effect of Edible Coatings from Aloe vera gel on Citrus sinensis during Ambient storage

Extension of the shelf life of orange fruits continues to be a challenge in Nigeria. The search for safe, healthy and environmental friendly treatments has led to increased interest in research into edible and biodegradable films and coatings. In this work, the use of Aloe vera gel as a coating to extend the shelf-life of orange fruits was investigated. The oranges were stored at ambient temperature (27+2oC) and at 50-60% relative humidity for five weeks. During ambient storage, uncoated fruits showed 43.11% and 60.63 % increases in total soluble solids and reducing sugar contents respectively. Rapid weight loss and loss of firmness were also observed. The above parameters which are related to post- harvest quality loss were however significantly controlled in the oranges coated with A. vera gel. Percent increase in total soluble solids 56.89% and reducingsugar contents 39.36% were observed. The storability of orange fruits was  extended by five weeks. It was concluded that A. vera gel used as a coating for orange could serve as an alternative to post-harvest chemical treatments

Postharvest quality and safety maintenance of the physical properties of Daucus carota L. fruits by Neem oil and Moringa oil treatment: A new edible coatings

Biodegradable edible coatings from Moringa oil(MO) and Neem oil (NO) was applied to carrot fruits in order to provide environmentally friendly, healthy treatments (with which to better preserve fresh fruit quality) and safety during postharvest storage at ambient temperature of 27± 3oC and relative humidity of 50-60% . Physical properties like weight loss and texture were determined throughout the storage period of 6 weeks. The coatings had a significant effect on the development of quality variables.The overall results showed the superiority of the coatings in extending the shelf-life of carrot fruit as compared to controlin the following order Moringa Oil&gt;Neem Oil&gt;Control.Keywords: Edible Coatings, Moringa Oil, Neem Oil, Carrot, Firmness and Weight Loss

Performance of Edible Coatings from Carboxymethylcellulose(CMC) and Corn Starch(CS) Incorporated with Moringa Oleifera Extract on Citrus Sinensis Stored at Ambient Temperature

Two different coatings were developed from Corn Starch (CSME) and Carboxymethylcellulose (CMCME) and their effects were investigated on the quality and storability of orange fruits. The two experimental coatings were: CSME and CMCME both mixed with 75mg/ml of crude extract of Moringa Oleifera. The following parameters were measured: Weight loss, ascorbic acid content and firmness. Four hundred and eighty (480) orange fruits were stored for seven weeks at ambient temperature. The overall result showed that polysaccharides coating from (CSME) and (CMCME) on orange fruits when compared to untreated in the following order: (CSME) &gt; (CMCME) &gt;Control in extending its shelf life.Keywords: Edible Coatings, Moringa Oleifera, Orange, Corn Starch andCarboxymethylcellulose

Development and Evaluation of Coatings from Cactus opuntia in Prolonging the Shelf-life of Mangoes (Mangifera indica) Stored under Evaporative Coolant System (ECS)

Two different coatings were developed from the mucilage of Cactus and their effects were investigated on the quality and storability of mango fruits. The two experimental coatings were: Pure mucilage extracts (ME) and Mucilage extract mixed with 5ml glycerol (MEG) which served asplasticizer. The following parameters were measured : Weight loss, ascorbic acid content, pH, firmness and microbial qualities. Four hundred and eighty (480) mango fruits of “Ogbomosho” variety were stored for seven weeks at an average temperature of 27±2°C and relative humidity55- 60% under Evaporative Coolant System(ECS) . Prior to storage, the mango samples were surface sterilized using 100mg/-1 sodium hypochlorite and arranged randomly into three treatments, thecontrol (untreated) and two coating treatments. The overall result showed that Cactus mucilage is effective in extending the shelf-life of mango fruits when compared to untreated in the order, MEG&gt;ME&gt;Control. Result revealed that coating hindered the growth of microorganismssignificantly (P&lt;0.05)

Separation of Radioactive Elements from Ethiopian Kenticha Pegmatite Ore by Hydrometallurgical Methods

The leaching and extraction behavior of uranium and thorium from a high-grade Ethiopian pegmatite ore in a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid has been investigated. The effects of variables such as the temperature, particle size, acid concentration, and leaching time were studied. The leaching efficiency of uranium increased with increasing temperature to 150°C, at which 96% removal of uranium was achieved. Particles in the size range of − 100 + 75 μm resulted in the highest leaching of uranium, while formation of a colloidal suspension was observed when using a fine particle size fraction (− 75 μm). The dissolution of uranium increased with increasing leaching time. No significant systematic dependence of the leachability of thorium on the above variables was observed. Optimum extraction of uranium and thorium using D2EHPA was obtained when using aqueous/organic phase volume ratio of 1:1, solvent concentration of 0.3 M, and contact time of 20 min