Determination and modelling of water quality parameter in Abuja metropolis

This research work involves the determination and modelling of water parameter such as pH, temperature, turbidity, chloride, hardness. The result of the analysis was used as important operating variables to generate a model equation of pH, hardness, temperature, turbidity and chloride. The values obtained from the model equation were compared with those from experiment. On an average bases the values were close. These parameters can be used to monitor the extent of pollution of pond water and to monitor stress and diseases of fish. The experimental data of pH was in the range of 6.7 to 6.9 while the modelled result was also between 6.7 to 7.0. The turbidity experimental value was close to the modelled value also. The chloride value for the experimental data was in the range of 25.32 to 35.0. The total hardness value ranges between 4.5 to 65.1 mg/l while the modelled result ranges between 11.025 to 68.402 mg/l. The result was within the acceptable limit of world health organization standard on water quality parameter

First Birth Interval: Cox Regression Model with Time Varying Covariates

The Cox regression model has been widely used for the analysis of time to event data with their associated risk factors, it assumes a constant hazard ratio over time and that the risk factors are independent of time. When the assumptions are violated, the estimates of the hazard ratio of the Cox regression estimates of the hazard ratios becomes misleading. In this study, we use a modified Cox regression model that incorporates time dependent covariate which measures the interaction of exposure with time.Birth interval between marriage and first birth for the ever married women after marriage, taken from NDHS 2013 women data is fitted using the Cox regression model with time varying covariates due to the failure of existence of proportionality assumption. This model performs better compared to Cox regression model

Maternal and fetal out comes of jaundice in pregnancyat the University College Hospital, Ibadan

Objective: This study is aimed at determining pregnancy outcome of cases of jaundice in pregnancy over a 10 year period at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Methodology: All case records of patients with jaundice in pregnancy over a 10-year period from 1 January 1992 through 31 December 2001were retrieved fromthemedical records office of the hospital and analysed. Results: During the ten-year study period, therewere 16,566 registered pregnancies in the hospital, and 52 cases of jaundice in pregnancywere seen, giving an overall incidence of 0.3%or 1 in 318 deliveries.However, 48 case records were retrievable. Viral hepatitis was the commonest cause accounting for 58.3% of cases. It was followed by malaria and sickle-cell anaemia with 20.8% and 16.7% respectively. Other causes include sepsis 14.6%, cholestasis 6.3%, and Pre-eclampsia 2.1%. Pretermdelivery occurred in 39.6%, while intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) occurred in 8.3% of cases, all occurring in the third trimester. Acase of early neonatal death was recorded. There was no maternal death and the mean hospital stay was 18 days (range 4-45 days) during admission. Conclusion: Viral hepatitis, malaria and sickle-cell anaemia are the leading causes of jaundice in pregnancy. These should be promptly diagnosed, investigated and appropriate management instituted as most of the perinatal deaths can be avoided by close fetal monitoring especially in the third trimester and with recourse to early delivery before fetal demise occurs.Keywords: Jaundice in pregnancy, viral hepatitis,pre-term labour, HELLP syndrome, pregnancy outcome

Factors Determining Birth Intervals: A Multilevel Mixed Effect Parametric Survival Approach

Interval between births plays an important role in maternal health as well as child health. This study applies the methodology of Flexible parametric survival models to data on successive births among Nigeria women using the dataset from 2018 National Demographic Health survey. The flexible parametric survival model with Weibull baseline distribution was found to be the best among other fitted baseline distributions. The factors, zone of residence, educational qualification, religion, economic status and age at first birth were found to be significant in predicting the birth intervals. It was found that random effect parameter indicates that the interval between successive births is similar from the same woman. Keywords: Birth intervals, Baseline hazard, Mixed effect, Flexible parametric model, AIC.&nbsp

Jejunal linear foreign body obstruction in a three year old female Boerboel

A three year old Boerboel bitch was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, FUNAAB with complaint of lethargy and inappetence. Clinical signs observed included abdominal tenderness, watery bloody stool and palpable intestinal mass. Blood sample was obtained for complete blood counts, while transcutaneous abdominal ultrasound and lateral abdominal radiograph were also performed. Result of complete blood count showed severe neutrophilic leukocytosis. Transcutaneous abdominal ultrasound revealed dilated bowel loop containing a hyperechoic structure in the lumen, while radiographic contrast examination of the intestine revealed distended bowel loop and a radiopaque foreign body in the jejunum. Based on the findings, a tentative diagnosis of intestinal obstruction was made and an exploratory laparotomy was scheduled. After pre-anaesthetic medications with 3mg/kg intramuscular injection of 5% tramadol, 0.04mg/kg intramuscular injection of 0.1% atropine and 0.5mg/kg intramuscular injection of 2% Xylazine, anaesthesia was induced with a loading dose of 4mg/kg intravenous injection of 1% propofol and maintained with constant infusion of propofol at the rate of 0.12mg/kg/min. During laparotomy, the obstructed region was identified and enterotomy revealed the foreign body to be an ingested plastic bottle cap. Following removal of the foreign body, moderate inflammation of the segment of the intestine around the obstruction site was observed, necessitating the need for resection of the intestine to be performed and anastomosis using an end to end technique. The dog recovered without any complications after one week of postoperative antibiotic therapy and fluid administration. Prompt diagnosis of intestinal foreign body in dogs followed by appropriate selection of anaesthetic protocol and surgical technique with adequate intensive post-operative follow-up is essential for successful management.Keywords: Dog, Foreign-body, Jejuno-ileal, Intestine, Obstructio

Radiological evaluation of childhood abdominal masses in Ilorin, Nigeria

Background: The presentation of a child with an abdominal mass is a source of concern to the Paediatricians, Paediatric Surgeons and the parents, and it poses a diagnostic challenge. Due to the low socio-economic status of the patients in this setting, cost-effective approach in evaluating these patients is necessary.Objective: This was to determine the common causes and the most costeffective radiological examination to diagnose abdominal mass in children.Design: This was a retrospective cross sectional descriptive study.Setting: University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin. Nigeria.Subjects: Paediatric patients with abdominal masses seen in the Radiology Department of UITH, Ilorin over a period of 5 years (2011-2015)Analysis: Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 (SPSS Inc; Chic; Il.).Result: A total of 172 patients were seen, including 98(57%) males. All patients seen (100%) had abdominal ultrasound followed by plain radiography 161 (93.6%) and 44(25.5%) patients had histological confirmation. The Kidneys 53 (30.8%) was the most affected organ followed by liver 48(27.9%) and spleen 30(17.4%). Burkitt’s lymphoma 15 (34.1%) was the commonest histological diagnosis followed by nephroblastoma 14 (31.8%).Conclusion: Ultrasonography was the most common imaging modality used for evaluation of children with abdominal masses in this setting. The kidney was the most affected organ and Burkitt’s lymphoma was the most prevalent histological diagnosis followed by nephroblastoma in this study

On The Statistical Analysis of Ante-Natal Care Use in Nigeria: Multilevel Logistic Regression Approach

Ante-Natal Care usage among women has a great impact on the survival rate of both mother and the new born child. Inadequate usage influences the mortality rate of both woman and infant thus affecting both economic and health status of any population, Nigeria in particular. Attaining and even surpassing the minimum number of Ante Natal Care (ANC) visits as specified by World Health Organization, WHO helps to ensure healthy outcomes for women and newborns. Multilevel logistic regression models were applied to data involving women who make ANC visits who participated in the 2013 National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) in Nigeria. Results show that location, women education, religion and wealth index of participant were significant factors that influence the probability of women meeting and/or surpassing the required number of ANC visits required by WHO. We also found that husband’s level of educational attainment and the frequency of information gathering by such women also influenced their chances of making more ANC visits. Keywords: Ante-Natal Care, Multilevel, Logistic Regression, Intra-class correlatio

Frequency of electronics-waste generated heavy metals in urban waterways

Heavy metals are one of the dreadful environmental pollutants. Its toxicity is a menace to the ecosystem and has attracted global concern over the decades. The attendant uncontrolled disposal and recycling of electronic-waste (e-waste) has greatly influence the elevated concentration of heavy metals observed in Nigeria waterways. This study was carried out to investigate the frequency of the deadly heavy metals as part of public health intervention. The study was a cross sectional design in which waterways from the three geographical zones of Kwara State, Nigeria were sampled by integrated composite method and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters during the dry and rainy season. High frequency of e-waste generated heavy metals in the waterways was observed with respect to influence of settlement, geographical zones and seasonal variation in the study area. The mean concentrations of the heavy metals analyzed showed a decreasing trend in their quantity as Cr ˃ Cd ˃ Pb ˃ Hg in both seasons. Statistically, no significant difference in densities of Lead, Mercury and Chromium with respect to season (P cal = 0.482 in chromium, P cal = 0.067 in Lead, P cal = 0.146 in Mercury, P > 0.05). However, there was significant difference in frequency of Cadmium by season (P cal = 0.001, P ˂ 0.05). Assessment of the findings with respect to geographical zone revealed a significant difference in the mean distribution of Chromium during both seasons. Heavy metals were also recorded to be higher in the urban areas than the rural areas

High cadmium / zinc ratio in cigarette smokers: potential implications as a biomarker of risk of prostate cancer.

Tobacco smoke may be one of the most common sources of cadmium (Cd) in the general population, particularly in the rising population of smokers in developing countries. Although a relationship between bothcigarette smoking and environmental Cd contamination with prostate cancer exist, the mechanisms are unclear. Most prospective cohort studies found a positive association between current smoking and a fatal cancer of the prostate. We investigated the interaction between zinc and cadmium and the potential risk of prostate cancer insmokers. Serum cadmium level was significantly (

Behavioural, biochemical and neurocytoarchitechural impact of MDMA in male adolescent mice

Neurotoxicity of 3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is still controversially discussed. MDMA is an amphetamine derivative that has gained significant popularity in recent years and has become the recreational drug of choice for many young, adolescents and adults. This study sought to investigate that MDMA causes a behavioral, biochemical and neurocytoarchitechural change in male adolescent mice. Fifteen adolescent male mice were used for this study. They were randomly divided into 3 groups, of five mice each, control group received normal saline (Ctrl), 5 mice received 10 mg/kg of MDMA, s.c (LoD) and another 5 mice received 20 mg/kg of MDMA, s.c (HiD). The animals were subjected to behavioural tests to check their motor activity. Biochemical analysis to test for the level of catalase and monoamine oxidase activity was also done. The motor activity of animals treated with 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg of MDMA was significantly (p < 0.05) lower when compared with the control. Likewise, there was a reduction in the catalase and monoamine oxidase activity in the treated groups. In the cerebellum, cellular distortion was seen in the treated group. It could be concluded that MDMA affects the motor activity of the treated animals and thus cause an alteration in the neurocytoarchitechure, catalase and monoamine oxidase activities of the animals.Keywords: MDMA, Motor function, Hippocampus, Cerebellum, Biochemical