Auger Spectra and Different Ionic Charges Following 3s, 3p and 3d Sub-Shells Photoionization of Kr Atoms

The decay of inner-shell vacancy in an atom through radiative and non-radiative transitions leads to final charged ions. The de-excitation decay of 3s, 3p and 3d vacancies in Kr atoms are calculated using Monte-Carlo simulation method. The vacancy cascade pathway resulted from the de-excitation decay of deep core hole in 3s subshell in Kr atoms is discussed. The generation of spectator vacancies during the vacancy cascade development gives rise to Auger satellite spectra. The last transitions of the de-excitation decay of 3s, 3p and 3d holes lead to specific charged ions. Dirac-Fock-Slater wave functions are adapted to calculate radiative and non-radiative transition probabilities. The intensity of Kr^{4+} ions are high for 3s hole state, whereas Kr^{3+} and Kr^{2+} ions have highest intensities for 3p and 3d hole states, respectively. The present results of ion charge state distributions agree well with the experimental data.Comment: Published in SIGMA (Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications) at http://www.emis.de/journals/SIGMA

Number of vortices generated in a rotating Bose-Einstein condensates in two-dimensional optical lattice

In the present paper we calculate the number of vortices generated in a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate in two-dimensional optical lattice. Our approach enabled us to parametrize the vortices number in terms of the thermodynamic potential $q(T)$ for the system under consideration. The thermodynamic potential is calculated using the semiclassical approximation approach. The finite size and the interatomic interaction effects are investigated. The calculated results show that the vortices number as a function of the angular velocity of rotation rate depends on the normalized temperature, number of particles, interatomic interaction, and optical potential

To What Extent Would E-mall Enable SMEs to Adopt E-Commerce?

This paper presents findings from a study of e-commerce adoption by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Saudi Arabia. Only tiny number of Saudi commercial organizations, mostly medium and large companies from the manufacturing sector, in involved in e-commerce implementation. The latest report released in 2010 by The Communications and Information Technology Commission (CITC) in Saudi Arabia shows that only 8% of businesses sell online. Accordingly new research has been conducted to explore to what extent electronic mall (e-mall) would enable SMEs in Saudi Arabia to adopt and use online channels for their sales. A quantitative analysis of responses obtained from a survey of 108 SMEs in Saudi Arabia was conducted. The main results of the current analysis demonstrate the significant of organizational factors, and technology and environmental factors. Interestingly, traditional & cultural factors have no significance in this regard

Kondo lattices with inequivalent local moments: Competitive vs. co-operative Kondo screening

While standard heavy fermion metals feature a single spin-1/2 local moment per unit cell, more complicated systems with multiple distinct local moments have been synthesized as well, with Ce_3Pd_20(Si,Ge)_6 being one example. Here, we discuss the physics of a Kondo lattice model with two local-moment sublattices, coupled with different Kondo couplings to conduction electrons. The phase diagram will be strongly modified from that of the standard Kondo lattice if the characteristic screening temperatures of the distinct moments are well separated. Therefore, we investigate the interplay between the two Kondo effects using a local self-energy approximation via slave bosons. We find that the two Kondo effects can either compete or co-operate depending on the conduction-band filling. In the regime of competition, small differences in the two Kondo couplings can lead to huge differences in the respective Kondo scales, due to non-trivial many-body effects. We also study the low-temperature properties of the collective heavy Fermi-liquid state and propose a connection to depleted Kondo lattice systems.Comment: 14 pages, 15 figure

A new integrable problem with a quartic integral in the dynamics of a rigid body

We consider the problem of motion of a rigid body about a fixed point under the action of an axisymmetric combination of potential and gyroscopic forces. We introduce a new integrable case, valid on zero level of the cyclic integral, that generalizes the known case of motion of a body in liquid due to Chaplygin and its subsequent generalization by Yehia. Apart from certain singular potential terms, the new case involves finite potential and gyroscopic forces, which admit physical interpretation as resulting from interaction of mass, magnetized parts and electric charges on the body with gravitational, electric and magnetic fields.Comment: This work will appear shortly in "Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical

Unfolding of the Spectrum for Chaotic and Mixed Systems

Random Matrix Theory (RMT) is capable of making predictions for the spectral fluctuations of a physical system only after removing the influence of the level density by unfolding the spectra. When the level density is known, unfolding is done by using the integrated level density to transform the eigenvalues into dimensionless variables with unit mean spacing. When it is not known, as in most practical cases, one usually approximates the level staircase function by a polynomial. We here study the effect of unfolding procedure on the spectral fluctuation of two systems for which the level density is known asymptotically. The first is a time-reversal-invariant chaotic system, which is modeled in RMT by a Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble (GOE). The second is the case of chaotic systems in which m quantum numbers remain almost undistorted in the early stage of the stochastic transition. The Hamiltonian of a system may be represented by a block diagonal matrix with m blocks of the same size, in which each block is a GOE. Unfolding is done once by using the asymptotic level densities for the eigenvalues of the m blocks and once by representing the integrated level density in terms of polynomials of different orders. We find that the spacing distribution of the eigenvalues shows a little sensitivity to the unfolding method. On the other hand, the variance of level number {\Sigma}2(L)is sensitive to the choice of the unfolding function. Unfolding that utilizes low order polynomials enhances {\Sigma}2(L) relative to the theoretical value, while the use of high order polynomial reduces it. The optimal value of the order of the unfolding polynomial depends on the dimension of the corresponding ensemble.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figure