Real-time PCR primer sequences.

<p>Real-time PCR primer sequences.</p

PDK4 content and miR-107 expression following exercise.

<p>(A) PDK4 mRNA expression and (B) protein content, and (C) miR-107 expression in the <i>quadriceps</i> of C57Bl/6J mice (N = 7/group) 3-hour following an acute bout of END exercise vs. SED group. PDK4 mRNA expression, protein content and miR-107 expression are normalized to β-2 microglobulin, actin and <i>Rnu6</i>, respectively. Asterisks denote significant changes (P≤0.05).</p

miR-1 and miR-181 expression following exercise.

<p>miR-1 and miR-181 expression in the <i>quadriceps</i> of C57Bl/6J mice (N = 7/group) 3-hour following an acute bout of END exercise vs. SED group. miR-1 and miR-181 expression are normalized to <i>Rnu6</i>. Asterisks denote significant changes (P≤0.05).</p

PGC-1α content and miR-23 expression following exercise.

<p>PGC-1α (A) mRNA expression and (B) protein content, and (C) miR-23 expression in the <i>quadriceps</i> of C57Bl/6J mice (N = 7/group) 3-hour following an acute bout of END exercise vs. SED group. (D) PGC-1α protein content negatively correlates (R = 0.62) with miR-23 content. PGC-1α mRNA expression, protein content and miR-23 expression are normalized to β-2 microglobulin, actin and <i>Rnu6</i>, respectively. Asterisks denote significant changes (P≤0.05).</p

Subject characteristics before interventions.

<p>Mean ± SD.</p><p>Subject characteristics before interventions.</p

Correlation between clinical score and ability to move and between clinical score and paw grip endurance in CR vs. AL G93A mice.

<p>(A) Relation between clinical score (from clinical onset to euthanasia) and ability to move and (B) between clinical score and paw grip endurance (s) in 23 ad libitum (AL: •, 16 females; ▪, 7 males) and 31 calorie restricted (CR, 60% of ad libitum: ○, 21 females; □, 10 males) G93A mice. For ability to move, slopes and intercepts were not different with the following pooled equation: ability to move  =  (−1.4) x clinical score + (7.1). For paw grip endurance, data for the females followed a sigmoidal relationship (AL females, r² = 0.990; CR females, r² = 0.995; curves were significantly different, P<0.0001) whereas data for the males followed a linear relationship (slopes were significantly different, P = 0.0011). For AL males (r = −0.984, P<0.0001), paw grip endurance  =  (−27.8±1.1) x clinical score + (133.5±3.8); for CR males (r = −0.995, P<0.0001), paw grip endurance  =  (−31.8±0.7) x clinical score + (159.4±2.9), with the data presented as means ± SD. Data are means of each group on the same day.</p

Concurrent exercise alters mRNA content of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism and increases protein content of subunits of the ETC.

<p>A - Gene expression changes in skeletal muscle 3 hours after concurrent rehabilitative exercise for genes involved in aerobic exercise adaption. Peroxisome proliferative activated receptor (PPAR) gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), PGC-1-related coactivator (PRC), PGC-1β, and PPARγ. B - Fold changes in protein content from pre-exercise for subunits of the 5 complexes of the ETC (CI-CV) following 6 weeks of concurrent rehabilitative exercise. Light bars indicate END>RES group, dark bars indicate RES>END group. Representative western blotting image for pre-exercise and post included. *Significant difference from baseline (P<0.05). **Significant difference from baseline (P<0.01). ***Significant difference from baseline (P<0.001). Bar indicates main effect for time and not exercise group. Mean ± SD.</p

Concurrent exercise recovers maximum isometric strength loss induced by disuse and increases aerobic performance.

<p>A - Values for maximum isometric strength of the knee extensors before immobilization (BL), before exercise (pre-exercise) and after 6 weeks of rehabilitative concurrent exercise (Post). B - peak oxygen consumption (VO_2peak) before immobilization (BL) and after 6 weeks of concurrent exercise (Post). Light bars indicate END>RES group, dark bars indicate RES>END group. **Significant difference from baseline (P<0.01). ***Significant difference from baseline (P<0.001). Bar indicates main effect for time and not exercise group. Mean ± SD.</p

SOD content in CR vs. AL G93A mice.

<p>(A) MnSOD was higher in CR vs. AL (3-fold, P = 0.031; main effect of diet), and in female vs. male (2.5-fold, P = 0.026; main effect of sex) red <i>gastrocnemius</i>. MnSOD was significantly elevated in CR vs. AL females (4-fold, P = 0.015), but not in CR vs. AL males. (B) MnSOD was higher in CR vs. AL white <i>gastrocnemius</i> (78%, P = 0.062; main effect of diet). MnSOD was higher in CR vs. AL females (2.2-fold, P = 0.038). (C) Cu/Zn-SOD was higher in CR vs. AL red <i>gastrocnemius</i> (67%, P = 0.096; main effect of diet). Cu/Zn-SOD was significantly higher in CR vs. AL females (2.6-fold, P = 0.020). (D) There was no change in Cu/Zn-SOD protein content in white <i>gastrocnemius</i>. Data are presented as means ± SEM. n = 27; AL, 7 males and 7 females; CR, 7 males and 6 females. Asterisks denote significant changes (P≤0.05 vs. AL); dagger denotes strong trend (0.05</p

Anthropometric measures in CR vs. AL G93A mice.

<p>(A) Food intake (g), (B) body weight (g) and (C) body condition of 23 ad libitum (AL: •, 16 females; ▪, 7 males) and 31 calorie restricted (CR, 60% of ad libitum: ○, 21 females; □, 10 males) G93A mice. Data are means ± SEM.</p