Participant Characteristics (n = 100).^*

*<p>Where mean (SD) is not indicated, results presented represent both n and % as 100 participants answered all questions resulting in no missing data.</p

Projected HCV-related disease burden in DALYs/year, over the period 1960–2039.

<p>Three historical incidence scenarios are compared (1-B, 2-B, and 3-B), with current treatment uptake and SVR rates assumed to apply to the year 2014 onwards.</p

Drug Use Prior to Detention (n = 100).

<p>Drug Use Prior to Detention (n = 100).</p

Additional file 1: of The association between psychosocial and structural-level stressors and HIV injection drug risk behavior among Malaysian fishermen: A cross-sectional study

Waves_dataset. (DTA 4047 kb

Distributions of age at acute infection, for PWID and non-PWID.

<p>Distributions of age at acute infection, for PWID and non-PWID.</p

Patterns of acute incidence underlying Scenarios 1 to 3.

<p>The assumed historical HCV incidence time series for Scenarios 1 to 3 are shown separately for PWID and non-PWID risk groups (upper, centre, and lower panels, respectively).</p

Progression probabilities for transitions between disease progression model states, and corresponding prior distributions.

<p>Background mortality probabilities were derived from the national age-specific mortality rates for Malaysia, adjusted for the degree of excess non-liver-related mortality calculated from persons diagnosed HCV Ab+ in Scotland (1991–2005), in which the window of 6 months subsequent to HCV diagnosis date is excluded from follow-up time to reduce bias associated with testing individuals presenting with disease.</p><p>Progression probabilities for transitions between disease progression model states, and corresponding prior distributions.</p

The Diagnostic Performance of a Single GeneXpert MTB/RIF Assay in an Intensified Tuberculosis Case Finding Survey among HIV-Infected Prisoners in Malaysia

<div><p>Background</p><p>Delays in tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, particularly in prisons, is associated with detrimental outcomes. The new GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay (Xpert) offers accurate and rapid diagnosis of active TB, but its performance in improving case detection in high-transmission congregate settings has yet to be evaluated. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a single Xpert assay in an intensified case finding survey among HIV-infected prisoners in Malaysia.</p> <p>Methods</p><p>HIV-infected prisoners at a single site provided two early-morning sputum specimens to be examined using fluorescence smear microscopy, BACTEC MGIT 960 liquid culture and a single Xpert. The sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values of Xpert were calculated relative to gold-standard results using MGIT 960 liquid culture. Relevant clinical and demographic data were used to examine correlates of active TB disease.</p> <p>Results</p><p>The majority of enrolled subjects with complete data (N=125) were men (90.4%), age <40 years (61.6%) and had injected drugs (75.2%). Median CD4 lymphocyte count was 337 cells/µL (IQR 149-492); only 19 (15.2%) were receiving antiretroviral therapy. Of 15 culture-positive TB cases, single Xpert assay accurately detected only eight previously undiagnosed TB cases, resulting in a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 53.3% (95% CI 30.12-75.2%), 100% (95% CI 96.6-100%), 100% (95% CI 67.56-100%) and 94.0% (95% CI 88.2-97.1%), respectively. Only 1 of 15 (6.7%) active TB cases was smear-positive. The prevalence (12%) of undiagnosed active pulmonary TB (15 of 125 prisoners) was high and associated with longer duration of drug use (AOR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03-1.26, for each year of drug use).</p> <p>Conclusions</p><p>Single Xpert assay improved TB case detection and outperformed AFB smear microscopy, but yielded low screening sensitivity. Further examination of the impact of HIV infection on the diagnostic performance of the new assay alongside other screening methods in correctional settings is warranted.</p> </div

Projections of HCV-related disease outcomes for Scenario 1-B, over the period 1960–2039.

<p>Projected incidence and prevalence are shown in the upper and lower panels, respectively.</p

The recruitment and findings flowchart.

<p>The recruitment and findings flowchart.</p