Prevalence and Predictors of Erectile Dysfunctions among Men on Antiretroviral Therapy in South‑western Nigeria

Background: Erectile dysfunctions (EDs) are common presentations among men on anti‑retroviral therapy, many of who had a course to discontinue anti‑retroviral drugs or search for alternative treatments.Aim: This study assessed the prevalence and predictors of ED among men on anti‑retro viral therapies (ART) in a Nigerian population.Subjects and Methods: It was a descriptive cross‑sectional survey among 234 HIV‑positive men on anti‑retroviral therapy selected using stratified sampling method after excluding for co‑morbidities. Research instrument was semi‑structured interviewer administered questionnaire, and data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 17.0 (Chicago IL, USA), while binary logistic regression and Chi‑square test were used to demonstrate association between selected categorical variable.Results: Mean age of respondents was 37.1 (1.6) years, 85.6% have not missed their medications, self‑reported adherence was reported as good among 213 [(90.8 %) 213/234], though calculated adherence was 90% among as many as 201 [(85.6%) 201/234]. Pattern of EDs revealed weak erection among 42 [(37.8%) 42/111], 15 [(13.5%) 15/111] said they could no longer achieve erection, 33 [(29.7%) 33/111] said they could not maintain erections, while 27 [(24.3%) 27/111] presented with loss of libido. Delayed and premature ejaculations were reported among 24 [(21.6%) 24/111] and 8 [(7.2%) 8/111] respectively. About 14% (33/234) of respondents said that anti‑retroviral drugs could have caused their ED while 78% (183/234) said it should not. A statistically significant association exists between having weak erections and age above 65 years and calculated the adherence <95%, while none exists between having weak erections and missing pills.Conclusion: Anti‑retroviral drugs are common causes of EDs. Concerns of clients should always be addressed most especially issues that may compromise adherence. Keywords: Adherence, Anti‑retroviral therapy, Erectile dysfunctio

Hygiene Practices among Workers in Local Eateries of Orolu Community in South Western Nigeria

Background: Activities of local food premises and monitoring of food handlers are usually not regulated.Aim: The objective of this study was to determine food hygiene (FH) practices among food handlers in rural communities in South Western Nigeria.Subjects and Methods: Descriptive cross‑sectional study was carried out among 235 food handlers; data collection was by interviewer administered questionnaires. Using the SPSS software, multivariate analysis in two separate models was done to explore the predictors of correct knowledge and good hygiene practices. The model fit was assessed as good using the Hosmer and Lemeshow test.Results: Mean age of respondents was 31.8 (10.8) years. Of the respondents (134) that had training, 17.2% (23/134) had formal training, and 82.8% (111/134) had apprenticeship; about 31.5% (74/235) of respondents maintained a good level of hygiene in their practices. Significant predictors of correct knowledge were found to be being trained (significant 0.01, odds ratio [OR] 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–4.8) and receiving the training as an apprentice (significant 0.01, OR – referent group); or in a formal setting (significant 0.01, OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.6–7.0) and having no formal education (significant 0.04, OR – reference group).Conclusion: Good knowledge and attitude but low level of good practices toward FH characterized food handlers under study.Keywords: Attitude and practice, Food handlers, Food hygiene, Knowledge, Local eaterie

Prevalence of hypertension in the rural adult population of Osun State, southwestern Nigeria

EO Asekun-Olarinmoye,1 PO Akinwusi,2 WO Adebimpe,1 MA Isawumi,3 MB Hassan,3 OA Olowe,4 OB Makanjuola,4 CO Alebiosu,2 TA Adewole51Department of Community Medicine, 2Department of Medicine, 3Department of Surgery, 4Department of Microbiology, 5Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, NigeriaBackground: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension in two rural communities of Osun State, Nigeria.Methods: A consenting adult population of the Alajue and Obokun rural communities in southwestern Nigeria that presented for the screening exercise participated in this community-based cross-sectional descriptive study. Two hundred and fifty-nine respondents aged older than 18 years completed a standardized, pretested, structured questionnaire as part of activities celebrating World Kidney Day and World Glaucoma Day in 2011. Anthropometric data and blood pressure were recorded, and the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17.Results: The mean age of the respondents was 49.7 &plusmn; 1.6 years, 100 (38.6%) were males, 84 (32.4%) were farmers, and 111 (42.9%) were traders. The prevalence of hypertension was 13.16% (present in 34 respondents). Seventeen (6.6%) had isolated systolic hypertension, while 11 (4.2%) had isolated diastolic hypertension. Two hundred and thirty-six (91.1%) undertook daily exercise lasting at least 30 minutes and 48 (18.5%) had ever taken antihypertensive drugs on a regular basis. Four respondents (1.6%) claimed a family history of hypertension. The average body mass index (BMI) among respondents was 23.4 &plusmn; 4.9 kg/m2, 51 (19.6%) had a BMI of 25.0&ndash;29.9, and 30 (11.5%) had a BMI &ge; 30. A significant association existed between age older than 40 years and having hypertension (P < 0.05), while no relationship existed between age and BMI or between gender and hypertension (P > 0.05). Rates of older age and high BMI were significantly higher among hypertensives than among normotensives. Respondents with BMI < 25 had at least a three times greater likelihood of developing hypertension than those with BMI < 25 (odds ratio 2.9, 95% confidence interval 0.007&ndash;0.056, P = 0.011).Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension is high in this study population and we recommend scaling up primary prevention efforts to reduce this in Nigerian communities.Keywords: prevalence, hypertension, anthropometry, body mass index, rural communit

Cluster headache genome-wide association study and meta-analysis identifies eight loci and implicates smoking as causal risk factor.

OBJECTIVE: Aggregating data for the first genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cluster headache, to identify genetic risk variants and gain biological insights. METHODS: A total of 4,777 cases (3,348 men and 1,429 women) with clinically diagnosed cluster headache were recruited from ten European and one East Asian cohorts. We first performed an inverse-variance genome-wide association meta-analysis of 4,043 cases and 21,729 controls of European ancestry. In a secondary trans-ancestry meta-analysis we included 734 cases and 9,846 controls of East Asian ancestry. Candidate causal genes were prioritized by five complementary methods: expression quantitative trait loci, transcriptome-wide association, fine-mapping of causal gene sets, genetically driven DNA methylation, and effects on protein structure. Gene set and tissue enrichment analyses, genetic correlation, genetic risk score analysis and Mendelian randomization were part of the downstream analyses. RESULTS: The estimated SNP-based heritability of cluster headache was 14.5%. We identified nine independent signals in seven genome-wide significant loci in the primary meta-analysis, and one additional locus in the trans-ethnic meta-analysis. Five of the loci were previously known. The 20 genes prioritized as potentially causal for cluster headache showed enrichment to artery and brain tissue. Cluster headache was genetically correlated with cigarette smoking, risk-taking behavior, ADHD, depression and musculoskeletal pain. Mendelian randomization analysis indicated a causal effect of cigarette smoking intensity on cluster headache. Three of the identified loci were shared with migraine. INTERPRETATION: This first genome-wide association study meta-analysis gives clues to the biological basis of cluster headache and indicates that smoking is a causal risk factor. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Health Beliefs and Locus of Control as Predictors of Cancer Screening Behaviour among Women in Obafemi Awolowo University Community

Among Nigerian women breast and cervical cancers are leading causes of death. Screening programmes that are being introduced are recording slow uptake. The study examined the role of the Health Belief Model and Health Locus of Control in predicting cancer screening behaviour. Using a cross-sectional design, 460 women were recruited by means of convenient sampling between ages 18-60 years in the Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife community. The adapted versions of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, Health Behaviour Scale and Cancer Health Belief Scale were administered. Multivariate analysis revealed that none of the health belief factors were significant predictors of breast cancer screening behaviour. However, occupation (OR = 298.26, p &lt; 0.05), perceivedbenefits of screening (OR= 0.35, p &lt; 0.05), internal locus of control (OR = 1.43, p &lt; 0.05) and health risks behaviour (OR= 0.42, p &lt; 0.05) all significantly predicted cervical cancer screening behaviour of women.Keywords: Health beliefs, Health locus of control, cancer screening, Breast and cervical cance

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in the Management of Eating Disorder among Female Undergraduates of Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife

The study established the efficacy of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) in the treatment of eating  disorders. The prevalence level of eating disorder among the population was 17.1%. Thirty (30) participants were randomly selected from a pool of 171 respondents classified as highly at risk for eating disorders. Fifteen (15) of the participants were randomly assigned to the experimental and fifteen (15) to the control groups. The participants were exposed to seven sessions of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. The results indicated that the experimental group (M = 65.20, SD = 5.97) had a statistically significant higher mean scores at post- test than the control group (M= 39.20, SD = 3.38; t = 14.68, p &lt; .05). The  participants in the experimental group self-reported significantly more severe symptoms of  eating disorder at pretest (M= 65.20, SD = 5.97) had the statistically higher eating disorder scores than the experimental group at post-test (M= 8.13, SD = 4.56; t = 2.17, p &lt; .05). The modified Cognitive Behaviour Therapy employed in the study may be helpful in reversing this trend.Keywords: Eating disorders, Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa, Obesity, Cognitive Behaviour therap

3Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The Polytechnic, Ibadan

An analysis was carried out to study the variable viscosity effect on flow in a viscous fluid over a porous wedge. The wall of the wedge is embedded in a uniform Darcian porous medium to allow for injection or suction. The governing equations are written into a dimensionless form by a similarity transformation. The transformed ordinary differential equation is solved analytically and the effect of parameters on it is shown graphically.Keywords: Flow, wedge, viscosityJournal of the Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics, Volume 19 (November, 2011), pp 255 – 25

Asymptomatic bacteriuria among elderly and middle-aged rural community-dwellers in South-Western Nigeria

OA Olowe,1 OB Makanjuola,1 KO Olabiyi,1 PO Akinwusi,2 CO Alebiosu,2 MA Isawumi,3 MB Hassan,3 EO Asekun-Olarinmoye,4 WO Adebimpe,4 TA Adewole5 1Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, 2Department of Medicine, 3Department of Ophthalmology, 4Department of Community Medicine, 5Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria Abstract: Asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly individuals has been well described in institutionalized settings, but to a lesser extent in the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the pathogens responsible for asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly and middle-aged individuals in Alajue-Ede, South-Western Nigeria, and to identify any associated factors. Mid-stream urine samples were collected from apparently healthy elderly and middle-aged volunteers who were participating in community health screening. Samples were processed and bacterial isolates were identified following standard procedures. In total, 128 volunteers (48 men, 76 women) participated in the study. Twenty-eight (22.6%) urinary pathogens were isolated, comprising Klebsiella species in five (17.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa in one (3.6%), Escherichia coli in 19 (67.9%), and Proteus species in three (10.7%) cases. Women were identified as being at higher risk of asymptomatic bacteriuria, and the prevalence also increased with increasing age in men. The elderly in this community have a high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria, and screening for comorbid medical conditions may be of benefit. Keywords: asymptomatic bacteriuria, urinary pathogens, elderly, urinary tract infectio