496 research outputs found
Career progression and formal versus on-the-job training
We develop a dynamic discrete choice model of training choice, employment and wage growth, allowing for job mobility, in a world where wages depend on firm-worker matches, as well as experience and tenure and jobs take time to locate. We estimate this model on a large administrative panel data set which traces labour market transitions, mobility across firms and wages from the end of statutory schooling. We use the model to evaluate the life-cycle return to apprenticeship training and find that on average the costs outweigh the benefits; however for those who choose to train the returns are positive. We then use our model to consider the long-term lifecycle effects of two reforms: One is the introduction of an Earned Income Tax Credit in Germany, and the other is a reform to Unemployment Insurance. In both reforms we find very significant impacts of the policy on training choices and on the value of realised matches, demonstrating the importance of considering such longer term implications
Career progression and formal versus on-the-job training
We model the choice of individuals to follow or not apprenticeship training and their subsequent career. We use German administrative data, which records education, labour market transitions and wages to estimate a dynamic discrete choice model of training choice, employment and wage growth. The model allows for returns to experience and tenure, match specific effects, job mobility and search frictions. We show how apprenticeship training affects labour market careers and we quantify its benefits, relative to the overall costs. We then use our model to show how two welfare reforms change life-cycle decisions and human capital accumulation: One is the introduction of an Earned Income Tax Credit in Germany, and the other is a reform to Unemployment Insurance. In both reforms we find very significant impacts of the policy on training choices and on the value of realized matches,
demonstrating the importance of considering such longer term implications
Cloaking by coating: How effectively does a thin, stiff coating hide a soft substrate?
From human tissue to fruits, many soft materials are coated by a thin layer
of a stiffer material. While the primary role of such a coating is often to
protect the softer material, the thin, stiff coating also has an important
effect on the mechanical behaviour of the composite material, making it appear
significantly stiffer than the underlying material. We study this cloaking
effect of a coating for the particular case of indentation tests, which measure
the `firmness' of the composite solid: we use a combination of theory and
experiment to characterize the firmness quantitatively. We find that the
indenter size plays a key role in determining the effectiveness of cloaking:
small indenters feel a mixture of the material properties of the coating and of
the substrate, while large indenters sense largely the unadulterated substrate
The Career Costs of Children
We estimate a dynamic life cycle model of labor supply, fertility, and
savings, incorporating occupational choices, with specific wage paths
and skill atrophy that vary over the career. This allows us to understand
the trade-off between occupational choice and desired fertility, as well
as sorting both into the labor market and across occupations. We quantify
the life cycle career costs associated with children, how they decompose
into loss of skills during interruptions, lost earnings opportunities,
and selection into more child-friendly occupations. We analyze
the long-run effects of policies that encourage fertility and show that
they are considerably smaller than short-run effects
The Dynamics of Return Migration, Human Capital Accumulation, and Wage Assimilation
This paper develops and estimates a dynamic model where individuals differ in ability and location preference to evaluate the mechanisms that affect the evolution of immigrants’ careers in conjunction with their re-migration plans. Our analysis highlights a novel form of selective return migration where those who plan to stay longer invest more into skill acquisition, with important implications for the assessment of immigrants’ career paths and the estimation of their earnings profiles. Our study also explains the willingness of immigrants to accept jobs at wages that seem unacceptable to natives. Finally, our model provides important insight for the design of migration policies, showing that policies which initially restrict residence or condition residence on achievement shape not only immigrants’ career profiles through their impact on human capital investment but also determine the selection of arrivals and leavers
Equilibrium counterfactuals
We incorporate structural modellers into the economy they model. Using traditional moment-matching, they treat policy changes as zero probability (or exogenous) ”counterfactuals.” Bias occurs since real-world agents understand policy changes are positive probability events guided by modellers. Downward, upward, or sign bias occurs. Bias is illustrated by calibrating the Leland model to the 2017 tax cut. The traditional identifying assumption, constant moment partial derivative sign, is incorrect with policy optimization. The correct assumption is constant moment total derivative sign accounting for estimation-policy feedback. Model agent expectations can be updated iteratively until policy advice converges to agent expectations, with bias vanishing
Prevalence of coronary artery diseases in type 2 diabetic women
Background: There was increasing evidence that gender differences are important in epidemiology, treatment and outcomes of many diseases, relevant for non-communicable diseases.Methods: Study was conducted in Department of General Medicine, GSL Medical College. Patients who were admitted with type 2 diabetes were recruited in the study. Each patient was interviewed to obtain detailed history and examined thoroughly as per predetermined protocol, national diabetes data group and WHO diagnostic criteria was used. Myocardial infarction was diagnosed by convex ST segment elevation in corresponding leads (early) or QS complexes or abnormal Q waves i.e. Q waves of 0.04 seconds or more in width (or) 25% or more of the voltage of the R wave in the same lead or both in the corresponding leads (late) or T wave inversion in the corresponding leads (late). Statistical analyses were done by using SPSS software version 21.0. Chi-square test was used to assess the association between different categorical variables; p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Out of 250 participants, 97 were diagnosed as coronary artery disease (CAD), maximum between 51-60 years age group; the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The association between dyslipidemia and CAD was statistically significant (p<0.05). Out of 188 post-menopausal cases, CAD was diagnosed in 86 cases; out of the 62 non post-menopausal cases, CAD was diagnosed in 11 cases; The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05).Conclusions: In premenopausal women, the prevalence of CHDs are significantly higher when compared to postmenopausal women
Scale relativity and fractal space-time: theory and applications
In the first part of this contribution, we review the development of the
theory of scale relativity and its geometric framework constructed in terms of
a fractal and nondifferentiable continuous space-time. This theory leads (i) to
a generalization of possible physically relevant fractal laws, written as
partial differential equation acting in the space of scales, and (ii) to a new
geometric foundation of quantum mechanics and gauge field theories and their
possible generalisations. In the second part, we discuss some examples of
application of the theory to various sciences, in particular in cases when the
theoretical predictions have been validated by new or updated observational and
experimental data. This includes predictions in physics and cosmology (value of
the QCD coupling and of the cosmological constant), to astrophysics and
gravitational structure formation (distances of extrasolar planets to their
stars, of Kuiper belt objects, value of solar and solar-like star cycles), to
sciences of life (log-periodic law for species punctuated evolution, human
development and society evolution), to Earth sciences (log-periodic
deceleration of the rate of California earthquakes and of Sichuan earthquake
replicas, critical law for the arctic sea ice extent) and tentative
applications to system biology.Comment: 63 pages, 14 figures. In : First International Conference on the
Evolution and Development of the Universe,8th - 9th October 2008, Paris,
Franc
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