Composition and dynamic of benthic macroinvertebrates community in semi-arid area rivers of Burkina Faso (West Africa)

The benthic macroinvertebrates communities dynamic were investigated in rivers from Burkina Faso in the purpose to analyze the taxonomic composition, the structure of benthic macroinvertebrates community and the composite environmental variables that correspond to the major distribution patterns of this community. The results showed that a total of 132 taxa was recorded and the large majority of these (103 taxa) belonged to 57 families from 8 orders of insects that represent 95% of relative abundance. We also observed some distinct differences relative to the spatial and temporal variation in the taxonomic composition. The canonical correspondance analysis (CCA) revealed a strong correlationship between Chironomidae, Syrphidae, Culicidae, Psychodidae, as well as the Pulmonates molluscs and organic nutriments feeding dynamics. These findings showed the sensitivity of benthic macroinvertebrates at different level: sensitivity which could be attributable to man-induced activities.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Benthic macroinvertebrates, enviromental variables, dynamic, Burkina Fas

Spread and antibiotic resistance profile of pathogens isolated from human and hospital wastewater in Ouagadougou

Background: The discharge of improperly treated hospital landfill presents an enormous public health risk. In Burkina Faso, the management of hospital’s wastewaters and the current antibiotic susceptibility of clinically relevant isolates need to be determined, because the multi-drug resistant isolates have been previously described in hospital settings. The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance profile of isolates circulating in Ouagadougou.Methods: The biochemical characterization of the isolates was carried out by tests from the API 20E test and completed with molecular characterization by simple PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the recommendations of CA-SFM 2019.Results: The hospital wastewaters do not undergo any treatment before been discharged into the environment. A total of 171 presumed isolates of Salmonella spp < /em>, Pseudomonas spp < /em>., and Escherichia coli were identified in this study. These isolates derived from environment (n=19) and clinical (n=152). These isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (95.32%), Cefoxitin (72.51%), Ceftazidime (78.94%), Cefepime (80.71%), Tobramycin (59.64%), Gentamicin (42.10%), Nalidixic acid (68.42%), Norfloxacin (59.06%), Ciprofloxacin (56.14%), imipenem (0.00%), Chloramphenicol (26.31%), and Colistin (77.77%). Somewhere else, 46 presumptive Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to Vancomycin (30.43%), Oxacillin (13.04%), Penicillin G (89.13%), Ceftriaxone (15.21%), Cefoxitin (2.73%), Tobramycin (36.95%), Kanamycin (30.43%), Ciprofloxacin (15.21%), Norfloxacin (43.47%), Tetracycline (56.52%), Chloramphenicol (13.04%), and Fosfomycin (2.73%). Conclusion: the hospital wastewaters harbour a variety of pathogens, most of which are resistant to several families of antibiotics

Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria provides substantial protection against malaria in children already protected by an insecticide-treated bednet in Burkina Faso: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in children (IPTc) is a promising new approach to the control of malaria in areas of seasonal malaria transmission but it is not known if IPTc adds to the protection provided by an insecticide-treated net (ITN). METHODS AND FINDINGS: An individually randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of seasonal IPTc was conducted in Burkina Faso in children aged 3 to 59 months who were provided with a long-lasting insecticide-treated bednet (LLIN). Three rounds of treatment with sulphadoxine pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine or placebos were given at monthly intervals during the malaria transmission season. Passive surveillance for malaria episodes was established, a cross-sectional survey was conducted at the end of the malaria transmission season, and use of ITNs was monitored during the intervention period. Incidence rates of malaria were compared using a Cox regression model and generalized linear models were fitted to examine the effect of IPTc on the prevalence of malaria infection, anaemia, and on anthropometric indicators. 3,052 children were screened and 3,014 were enrolled in the trial; 1,505 in the control arm and 1,509 in the intervention arm. Similar proportions of children in the two treatment arms were reported to sleep under an LLIN during the intervention period (93%). The incidence of malaria, defined as fever or history of fever with parasitaemia ≥ 5,000/µl, was 2.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.70-3.06) per child during the intervention period in the control arm versus 0.87 (95% CI 0.78-0.97) in the intervention arm, a protective efficacy (PE) of 70% (95% CI 66%-74%) (p<0.001). There was a 69% (95% CI 6%-90%) reduction in incidence of severe malaria (p = 0.04) and a 46% (95% CI 7%-69%) (p = 0.03) reduction in the incidence of all-cause hospital admissions. IPTc reduced the prevalence of malaria infection at the end of the malaria transmission season by 73% (95% CI 68%-77%) (p<0.001) and that of moderately severe anaemia by 56% (95% CI 36%-70%) (p<0.001). IPTc reduced the risks of wasting (risk ratio [RR] = 0.79; 95% CI 0.65-1.00) (p = 0.05) and of being underweight (RR = 0.84; 95% CI 0.72-0.99) (p = 0.03). Children who received IPTc were 2.8 (95% CI 2.3-3.5) (p<0.001) times more likely to vomit than children who received placebo but no drug-related serious adverse event was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: IPT of malaria provides substantial protection against malaria in children who sleep under an ITN. There is now strong evidence to support the integration of IPTc into malaria control strategies in areas of seasonal malaria transmission. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.govNCT00738946. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

Anti-Trypanosomal Activity of Guiera senegalensis on Trypanosoma brucei Infected Mice

Aqueous decoction of Guiera senegalensis leaves was studied orally and intraperitoneally for its antitrypanosomal activity on mice infected experimentally with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. After a phytochemical screening followed by an acute toxicity study on mice, the extract of plant was administered once daily for 2 days at doses of 60, 120 and 240 mg / kg orally and 15, 30 and 60 mg / kg intraperitoneally after infection. Then, parameters of parasitaemia, packed cell volume (PCV), mean survival time and body weight of the mice treated with the extract were measured and compared with positive (diminazene aceturate) and negative (distilled water) controls for 7 days in a row. Results indicate that the aqueous extract of G. senegalensis leaves contains tannins, flavonoids, saponosides, reducing compounds and anthocyanosides, alkaloids and coumarins. LD50 of the extract are 1264.49 mg / kg by oral route and 316.22 mg / kg by intraperitoneal route. The doses of 240 mg / kg by oral route and 15 and 60 mg / kg by intraperitoneal route of aqueous extract showed a mean survival time (5 days) comparable to the positive control. Parasitaemia level increased in all mice tested except in mice treated with diminazene aceturate during the post-infestation period. During this period, PCV and body weight of all mice decreased by both routes of administration. These results of the study show the pharmacological utility of G. senegalensis leaves in the control of TAA by herders / pastoralists and suggest continuing further bio-guided studies to isolate the active components of the plant in order to improve their efficiency. Keywords: In vivo test; Trypanosoma brucei brucei; Guiera senegalensis leaves; phytochemical screening; acute toxicity

Impact of pre-analytical factors on mycobacterium cultures contaminations rates in Burkina Faso, West Africa

Introduction:&nbsp;for a high quality level diagnosis, mycobacterium culture must comply with the pre-analytical and analytical conditions recommended by the WHO and the country National Tuberculosis Program (NTP). In this study, we determined whether temperature and duration of sputum storage were associated with culture contamination in Burkina Faso. Methods:&nbsp;sputa were collected in 5 districts labs in Burkina Faso. Temperature and duration of sputum storage were recorded. After the collection, sputa were decontaminated using Petroff modified method, and the pellet was inoculated on LJ media and LJ media supply with 2% sodium pyruvate. Risk of culture contamination associated with temperature and duration of sputum storage was measured by Chi2 test and logistic regression. Results:&nbsp;out of 404 specimens, 61% (246/404) were stored between 2 and 8°C, and 15% (61/404) were processed within three days. The global contamination rate was 24%, with only 8% for samples respecting WHO recommendations, up to 35% for others. Storage at room temperature was associated with a significantly higher risk of contamination compared to storage at 2-8°C (OR 2.24, p=0.001, IC 95%). Conclusion:&nbsp;the recommendations about the temperature and the duration of sputum storage before cultures are not completely respected. This leads to high contamination rate of mycobacterium culture. It will be necessary to take logistics measures in peripherals health services or to develop more selective medium for mycobacterium culture in low income countries

CARACTERISATION DES TROUBLES MUSCULOSQUELETTIQUES (TMS) CHEZ LES ENSEIGNANTS D’EPS DANS LA VILLE DE OUAGADOUGOU, BURKINA FASO / CHARACTERIZATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AMONG PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS IN THE CITY OF OUAGADOUGOU, BURKINA FASO

Contexte : Les Troubles Musculo Squelettiques (TMS) sont des pathologies qui affectent les muscles, tendons, nerfs des membres et le rachis. Ils touchent les différentes catégories socio- professionnelles. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence, la localisation et les facteurs associés aux TMS chez les enseignants d’EPS actifs. Méthode : Il s’est agi d’une étude transversale à visée descriptive réalisée au moyen du questionnaire CCHST (2018) auprès de 165 enseignants dont 158 (95,57%) hommes et sept (4,43%) femmes dans la ville de Ouagadougou. Résultat : Au total 128 (77,58%) enseignants avaient des TMS. Ces TMS étaient localisés en majorité à la hanche (67%), aux lombaires (59%), aux genoux/jambes (31%). L’âge, l’ancienneté dans l’exercice du métier, les antécédents de santé et le volume horaire d’enseignement étaient associés à la survenue des TMS. Ces résultats révèlent que la grande majorité des enseignants d’EPS souffraient de TMS et ceux-ci étaient en majorité situés au niveau de la partie inférieure du corps. Nous pouvons conclure que les TMS des enseignants d’EPS sont fréquents et méritent d’être pris en charge. Conclusion : De cette étude, il est ressorti que les facteurs associés de ces TMS étaient l’âge, les antécédents de santé, l’ancienneté et le volume horaire hebdomadaire de cours. L’analyse de ces résultats révèle que la grande majorité des enseignants d’EPS sont concernés par les TMS. Le métier d’enseignant d’EPS est un métier à haut risque de TMS. Ainsi, les enseignants d’EPS doivent œuvrer pour la reconnaissance, la prise en charge et la prévention des maladies liées à leur métier. Des études prospectives avec des analyses médicales devraient être envisagées pour contrôler et dissocier les paramètres de la mobilité et de l’immobilité de la posture debout chez les enseignants d’EPS dans la ville de Ouagadougou. Context: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are pathologies that affect the muscles, tendons, nerves of the limbs and the spine. They affect different socio-occupational categories. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, location and factors associated with MSDs in active PE teachers. Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted using the CCHST (2018) questionnaire among 165 teachers, 158 (95.57%) of whom were men and seven (4.43%) were women in the city of Ouagadougou. Result: A total of 128 (77.58%) teachers had MSDs. The majority of these MSDs were located in the hip (67%), lumbar (59%), and knee/leg (31%) areas. Age, length of time in the profession, health history and teaching hours were associated with the occurrence of MSDs. These results show that the vast majority of PE teachers suffered from MSDs, and most of them were located in the lower part of the body. We can conclude that MSDs in PE teachers are frequent and deserve to be managed. Conclusion: The study found that the factors associated with MSDs were age, health history, length of service, and weekly class time. Analysis of these results reveals that the vast majority of PE teachers are affected by MSDs. The profession of PE teacher is a high-risk profession for MSDs. Thus, PE teachers must work for the recognition, management and prevention of illnesses related to their profession. Prospective studies with medical analyses should be envisaged to monitor and dissociate the parameters of mobility and immobility of the standing posture among PE teachers in the city of Ouagadougou.  Article visualizations

Complementarities and synergies with intermittent renewable energy, related issues - Burkina Faso cases studies

Pumped Storage Plants (PSP) offer opportunities for better water mobilization and to unlock the development of hydropower in Burkina Faso. The revolution in photovoltaic energy, which has greatly improved reliability and production costs, has opened up major prospects for the energy development of Sahelian countries with a very large solar energy deposit that has remained fallow for the time being. The lower production cost of solar energy makes it more attractive to mobilize water in offshore (outside rivers) basins and reservoirs in areas where there are few underground water resources and where flat land limits the construction of dams. This paper will develop these perspectives for a country like Burkina and the Sahel in general where access to electricity is one of the lowest in the world which, paradoxically, have a very large solar deposit and insufficient water resource mobilization