Multi-wavelength analysis of the Galactic supernova remnant MSH 11-61A

Due to its centrally bright X-ray morphology and limb brightened radio profile, MSH 11-61A (G290.1-0.8) is classified as a mixed morphology supernova remnant (SNR). H\textsc{i} and CO observations determined that the SNR is interacting with molecular clouds found toward the north and southwest regions of the remnant. In this paper we report on the detection of $\gamma$-ray emission coincident with MSH 11-61A, using 70 months of data from the Large Area Telescope on board the \textit{Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope}. To investigate the origin of this emission, we perform broadband modelling of its non-thermal emission considering both leptonic and hadronic cases and concluding that the $\gamma$-ray emission is most likely hadronic in nature. Additionally we present our analysis of a 111 ks archival \textit{Suzaku} observation of this remnant. Our investigation shows that the X-ray emission from MSH 11-61A arises from shock-heated ejecta with the bulk of the X-ray emission arising from a recombining plasma, while the emission towards the east arises from an ionising plasma.Comment: 12 Pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa

Gender differences in skin and core body temperature during exercise in a hot, humid environment.

Background. It is universally accepted that men and women regulate heat differently during exercise in hot, humid environments. Despite this common knowledge, little empirical data is available to explain how gender differences effect core/skin temperature changes. Further, the data that is available includes only limited measurement sites and/or time points. Methods. The purpose of this study was to measure the heat regulatory patterns for both men and women during 60-min of exercise in a hot, humid environment. Twenty aerobically fit subjects (10 men; 10 women) completed an acclimation session followed by a 60-min exercise protocol in an environmental chamber set at 39.9 ± 1.1 °C and 46.4 ± 4% relative humidity. Each exercise protocol consisted of four intervals of an 8-min walk (mean ± SD; men: 4.0 ± 0.3, women: 3.0 ± 0.2 mph) and 7-min light jog (men: 5.4 ± 0.5, women: 5.0 ± 0.3 mph). Subjects were confirmed to be euhydrated (urine specific gravity) prior to exercise and were encouraged to drink water to maintain hydration during exercise. Pre- and Post-exercise body weights did not differ, thus it appears hydration was maintained during exercise. Skin temperatures (iButton wireless loggers) were recorded every minute at seventeen sites (right and left: upper chest, mid-chest, abdomen, upper back, mid-back, lower back, upper arm, and lower arm, and back of the neck). In addition, core body temperature (rectal), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and heart rate (wireless telemetry) were also recorded at the end of each interval of the protocol. Statistical analysis was carried out using a 2 (gender) x 60 (time) repeated measures ANOVA. Other variables were analyzed using a 2 (gender) x 8 (time) ANOVA with repeated measures on the 2nd factor. Any non-normally distributed data was log transformed. Significance was set at p\u3c0.05 and location of effects will be determined using individual t-tests with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Results. Analysis revealed significantly higher skin temperatures in four locations on men compared to women: right upper back (p=0.048), right mid-back (p=0.001), right lower back (p=0.001), and left upper back (p\u3c0.001). Additionally, these changes were seen despite no significant differences between genders in core body temperature, RPE, and heart rate. This latter finding supports the conclusion that a similar degree of exercise, heat stress was applied to both men and women. Conclusions. We found gender differences at four different skin temperature locations. These changes might suggest that men retain more metabolic heat in various locations on the back when exercising in a hot, humid environment compared to women. Further research is needed to understand how these changes may affect post-exercise recovery return to baseline skin and core temperature values

Comparing Three Methods of Measuring Skin Temperature during Exercise in a Hot, Humid Environment

Exercise in a hot, humid environment substantially increases the physiological stress of exercise. Most of the techniques that are currently used to monitor changes in skin temperature have been in use for more than 20 years with little innovation. The purpose of the present study was two-fold: 1) to compare three techniques for measuring skin temperature (wired skin electrode, wireless temperature data logger, and thermal imaging) and 2) to compare and contrast these measures in men and women completing 45-min of cycling in a hot (39±2°C), humid (45±5% RH) environment. The CPHS committee approved all procedures described in this report and subjects gave written consent to participate. Men (N=14) and women (N=18) completed all study requirements out of 45 subjects that were enrolled. Following a baseline screening session that included a measurement of body composition (whole body DXA scan) and an aerobic fitness test (VO2peak), subjects were scheduled for an experimental exercise trial between 0500 and 0800. Subjects arrived to the laboratory and were tested for hydration using urine specific gravity and if dehydrated, they were provided water to drink before starting the exercise trial. Exercise consisted of 50-min of cycling. After 50-min, subjects were asked to continue cycling until their rectal core body temperature exceeded 39.3°C. The time they were able to exercise beyond 50-min was recorded and compared between individuals. Wired skin temperature was monitored using YSI400 banjo probes, wireless skin temperature was monitored using a data logging system (iButton), and thermal skin temperature was measured from images taken with a thermal camera (RAZR Max-IR). These skin measurements were made on the bicep and abdomen. All body temperatures were recorded at rest, every 10-min during exercise, and immediately following the end of exercise. Data was statistically analyzed using a 2 (gender: men & women) x sensor method (wired, wireless, and thermal) x time (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, end) ANOVA with repeated measures on the 2nd and 3rd factors. Significance was set a

Running of Gauge Couplings in AdS5 via Deconstruction

Running of gauge couplings on a slice of AdS5 is examined using the deconstruction set-up. Logarithmic running instead of (linear) power law is justified when the cutoff is lower than the curvature scale. Most of interesting features in warped gauge theory including the localization of Kaluza-Klein modes, the widening of higher Kaluza-Klein spectrum spacing are well captured within the framework of the deconstruction.Comment: 20 pages, 3 figures, revtex, refereces added and typos corrected; the version published in JHE

Some Items to Consider Before You Change the Calving Season of Your Beef Cow Herd

This publication gives important items to consider before changing calving seasons of beef cow herds