Impact Of Using Long Lasting Insecticidal Treated Nets (LLIN) And Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), Single And In Combination On Insecticide Resistant Anopheles Arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) In Republic Of The Sudan

Pengawalan vektor malaria di Sudan bergantung kepada penggunaan kelambu yang diimpregnasikan dengan insektisid yang tahan lama (LLINs) dan penyemburan residu dalam rumah (IRS) di kawasan perumahan Malaria vector control in Sudan depends on the deployment of long-lasting insecticidal treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) in the domestic environmen

Field Evaluation Of Temephos And Agnique MMF Against Immature Stages Of Anopheles Arabiensis Patton (Diptera : Culicidae) The Vector Of Malaria In Khartoum, Sudan [RA644.M2 A286 2007 f rb].

Dua kajian lapangan telah dilakukan dalam kolam terstimulasi di Skim Pertanian Al-sielate Bahary, Khartoum, Sudan, selama 13 minggu (percubaan 1) dan 9 minggu (percubaan ke-2). Two field experiments on mosquitoes were conducted in stimulated ponds at Al-sielate Agricultural Scheme of Bahary locality, Khartoum, Sudan, for a period 13 weeks (1st trial) and 9 weeks (2nd trial)

Microbial examination of drinking water supply systems of Elobeid city, Sudan

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the microbial parameters of Elobeid drinking water supply systems, which comprise of Bara underground water system and the surface rainwater harvesting (RWH) system, during the period from July 2010–June 2011. Four samples from Bara and nine from RWH were collected. The microbial parameters were determined using different microbial techniques. The results showed that the mean total viable bacterial (TVC) and spore-forming bacteria counts in the RWH system were ranged as 80.26-1030.11 and 82.8-3479.8 cfu/ml, respectively and 4.67-110.5 and 0.83- 292.5 cfu/ml, respectively in Bara. Moreover, high counts of coliforms, faecal coliforms; faecal Streptococci, Salmonella, Staphylococci, Clostridia and Cyanobacteria were recorded in the RWH system, particularly during the rainy months (June–September), which not in agreement with international or local standards for drinking water. The predominant bacteria in the two water supply systems were Bacillus (6 species) Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas maltophilia, Enterobacter gergoviae, Enterobacter alvi, Proteus vulgaris, E. coli, Salmonella choleraesuis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecium and Streptococcus faecalis, in addition to many Cyanobacterial genera: Lyngbya, Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Synechocystis, Anabaena, Leptolyngbya, Dermocarpa, Aphanizomenon, Schizothrix and Phormidium. The presence of those harmful bacteria in water before and after treatment in the RWH system indicated that water treatment measures adopted by the North Kordofan State Water Corporation (coagulation, sand filtration and disinfection by chlorination) do not guarantee acceptable levels of water disinfection. To alleviate these problems, blending of the two water systems and subsequent treatments to reduce microbial load were suggested as recommended point of view. Published by the International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM

Djelotvornost ivermektina kao injekcijske otopine protiv želučano-crijevnih oblića magaraca (Equus asinus).

The efficacy of Ivermectin was evaluated under field conditions at Nyala town, South Darfur State, Sudan. The study involved 16 donkeys. Ivermectin was administered by intramuscular injection at dose of 0.2 mg/kg in the lateral mid- line of the neck. Treatment efficacy was based on the mean faecal egg count reduction 14 days post treatment. A faecal egg count reduction of 100% was found after treatment with Ivermectin. In addition efficacy percentages of Ivermectin against immature and adult nematodes were as follows: Trichostrongylus axei 100%, Parascaris equorum 100%, Oxyuris equi 100%, Triodontophorus sp. 100%, Strongylus sp. 100%, and small strongyles 100%. Two of the control donkeys were infected with Strongylus vulgaris larvae. Ivermectin showed moderate efficacy (69.23%) against larvae found in the mesenteric artery aneurisms. No adverse reactions were observed during the experimental period.Procjenjivana je djelotvornost ivermektina u terenskim uvjetima u gradu Nyala, Južni Darfur, Sudan. Istraživanje je provedeno na 16 magaraca. Ivermektin je bio primijenjen intramuskularnim injekcijama u dozi od 0,2 mg/kg u lateralnu stranu vrata. Ocjena učinkovitosti lijeka provedena je na temelju smanjenja ukupnog broja jaja u fecesu 14 dana poslije liječenja. Ukupni broj jaja u fecesu smanjio se za 100% poslije primjene ivermektina. Nadalje, postotci djelotvornosti ivermektina protiv nezrelih i adultnih stadija oblića bili su: Trichostrongylus axei 100%, Parascaris equorum 100%, Oxyuris equi 100%, Triodontophorus sp. 100%, Strongylus sp. 100% i mali strongilidi 100%. Dva kontrolna magarca bila su invadirana ličinkama Strongylus vulgaris. Ivermektin je bio umjereno djelotvoran (69,23%) protiv ličinki nađenih u aneurizmama mezenterijalnih arterija. Tijekom pokusa nisu zamijećene štetne posljedice liječenja

Evaluation of Serum Copper, Zinc and Copper/Zinc Ratio in Psoriatic Patients

Backgrounds: Psoriasis is a hyper proliferative coetaneous disease of multi-factorial etiologies, genetic background, environmental factors, vascular and immune system disturbances. Copper and zinc are very importance trace elements and essential to biochemical processes in the body and are involved in immunological and inflammatory reactions. Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) ion and copper/zinc with the pathogenesis of psoriasis disease. Materials and Methods: an analytical case control hospital based study conducted in Khartoum dermatology and venerology teaching hospital, Khartoum state, Sudan. During the period from September to December 2018. A total of 100 subjects were enrolled in the study, 50 psoriatic patients as case group and 50 apparently healthy as control group with match age and sex. The age ranged from 12 and 60 years and their average mean 32 years. Three ml of venous blood were collected from each volunteer, serum was obtained and analyzed using colorimetric method in fully Automated Biochemistry Analyzer and the data was analyzed using SPSS version (21). P-value of <0.05 was considered significant. And also psoriatic patients the severity of psoriasis was assessed by ‘Psoriasis Area Severity Index’ (PASI score). Results: The study revealed a significantly increase (p = 0.000) of serum copper in psoriatic patients compared to control group and a significantly decrease (p = 0.040) of serum zinc in psoriatic patients compared to control group. And the copper/ zinc was significantly increase (p = 0.000) in patients than controls. Moreover, serum copper was  significantly increased (p = 0.012) in psoriatic patients infected >1 year compared to patients infected 6 months to 1 year. The serum zinc was significantly decreased (p = 0.030) in psoriatic patients infected >1 year compared to patients infected 6 month-1 year. And also the copper/ zinc significantly increased (p = 0.027) in psoriatic patients infected >1 year compared to patients infected 6 month to 1 year. The serum copper was a significantly different (p =0.001) between severity of psoriatic disease compared to mild and moderate. Moreover, the serum zinc was  significantly different (p =0.001) between mild and moderate and also a significantly different (p =0.022) between severity of psoriatic disease compared to mild and moderate. The copper/ zinc was a significantly different (p =0.000) between severity of psoriatic disease compared to mild and moderate. Conclusion: The psoriatic patients had a significantly increased serum copper, copper/ zinc and a significantly decrease of serum zinc. The study observed that, the common in male than female and also in moderate a stage of severity