THE CONTENT OF TOTAL CADMIUM AND ITS FRACTIONS IN ARABLE LAND OF THE PODLASIE PROVINCE

The aim of this study was estimation of total cadmium content and its fractional composition in arable soils, depending on their physicochemical properties. The research material consisted of samples taken from arable soil in 81 points within then Podlasie Province. The content of total cadmium in soils and its fractional composition was determined with the BCR method. It was found that the total content of cadmium was typical for uncontaminated soils and ranged from 0.11 to 1.59 mg kg-1. The percentage of acid in the soluble and exchangeable fraction fluctuated at around 10% on average. The reducible fraction comprised about 20% and oxidizable fraction 26%, on average. Most of the cadmium was in the residual fraction. The factors that influenced the fractional composition of cadmium were determined. For the very light and light soils it was mainly the content of magnesium and pH, while for medium soils it was the organic carbon and magnesium content, content of soil fraction <0.02 mm, as well as the percentage of Cd in reducible fraction. Celem pracy było określenie zawartości ogólnej kadmu i jego składu frakcyjnego w glebach ornych w zależności od ich właściwości fizykochemicznych. Badania wykonano w oparciu o 81 próbek gleb uprawnych pobranych w woj. podlaskim. Określono w nich zawartość ogólną kadmu i jego skład frakcyjny metodą BCR. Zawartość ogólna kadmu była typowa dla gleb niezanieczyszczonych i wahała się w przedziale od 0,11 do 1,59 mg kg-1. Udział kadmu we frakcji rozpuszczalnej w kwasach i wymienialnej wynosił średnio około 10%, we frakcji redukowalnej średnio około 20% i we frakcji utlenialnej średnio 26%. Najwięcej kadmu zgromadziła frakcja rezydualna. Określono czynniki, które wpływały na dystrybucję kadmu pomiędzy frakcjami. W przypadku gleb bardzo lekkich i lekkich największy wpływ miała zawartość magnezu i pH, a w przypadku gleb średnich zawartość magnezu, węgla organicznego, frakcji spławianych i udział procentowy kadmu we frakcji redukowalnej

Estimation of Copper Content and its Fractional Composition in Arable Soils

The aim of this study was estimation of total copper content and its fractional composition in arable soils in the Podlasie Province. It was found that total content of copper was typical for uncontaminated soils. In very light and light soils, more copper in available and potentially available fractions has been noted, by contrast in medium soils – in residual fraction which is unavailable for plants

FRACTIONATION OF HEAVY METALS (Pb, Cr AND Cd) IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUGES FROM PODLASIE PROVINCE

In the samples of fresh dehydrated sewage sludges from municipal treatment plants in Grajewo, Bielsk Podlaski, Sokółka, Dąbrowa Białostocka, Knyszyn, Mońki, Augustów, Suwałki, Sejny and Suchowola the following determinations were made: pH, pseudo-total content of Pb, Cd and Cr, organic matter and dry mass. The contents of the above-mentioned elements in fractions were evaluated using modified BCR method (four fractions: 1-acid soluble and exchangeable, 2-reducible, 3-oxidizable, 4-residual). The lead content (mean values) in particular fractions can be arranged quantitatively in a sequence: F4 (51.4%) > F2 (30.3%) > F3 (19.2%) > F1 (7.2%), in the case of cadmium: F4 (49.0%) > F2 (23.6%) > F3 (18,9%) > F1 (15.5%) and in the case of chromium: F4 (65.0%) > F3 (30.6%) > F2 (6.8%) > F1 (3.1%). Cumulative content of lead in mobile fractions (F1+F2+F3) ranged from 20.7% to 89.9%; for cadmium from 32.9% to 76.9% and for chromium from 27.5 to 58.6% of pseudo-total content

Fractional Composition of Nickel, Manganese and Iron in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash

Fractions of Ni, Mn and Fe in the municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash were investigated. Three fractions of studied metals were separated according to the BCR procedure (acid soluble and exchangeable, reducible and oxidizable). Pseudo-total metal content, pH and dry mass in all samples were evaluated. The share of nickel in fractions followed the sequence: F4 (79.0%) > F3 (9.0%) > F1 (7.5%) > F2 (4.5%), for manganese: F4 (60.4%) > F1 (16.8%) > F2 (13.2%) > F3 (9.6%) and for iron: F4 (74.4%) > F2 (12.6%) > F3 (12.5%) > F1 (0.5%). Mobile pool of metals (F1-F3) contained the least of nickel (21.0%) and the most of manganese (39.7%)

FRACTIONATION OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS (Zn, Ni, Cu) IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGES FROM PODLASIE PROVINCE

In the samples of fresh dehydrated sewage sludges from municipal treatment plants in Grajewo, Bielsk Podlaski, Sokółka, Dąbrowa Białostocka, Knyszyn, Mońki, Augustów, Suwałki, Sejny and Suchowola the following determinations were made: pH, pseudo-total content of Zn, Ni and Cu, organic matter and dry mass. The contents of above-mentioned elements in fractions were evaluated using modified BCR method (four fractions: F1-acid soluble and exchangeable, F2-reducible, F3-oxidizable, F4-residual). The zinc content (mean values) in particular fractions can be arranged quantitatively in a sequence: F3 (60.8 %) > F2 (20.0%) > F4 (19.9%) > F1 (3.9%), in the case of nickel: F3 ( 48.6%) > F2 (25.2%) > F4 (25.1%) > F1 (5.6%) and in the case of copper: F4 (66.3%) > F3 (35.3%) > F1 (4.2%) > F2 (3.0%). Cumulative content of zinc in mobile fractions (F1+F2+F3) ranged from 76.0 to 93.3%; for nickel from 56.3 to 89.6% and for copper from 28.8 to 53.3% of pseudo-total content

Fractions of Zinc, Chromium and Cobalt in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash

In the fresh samples of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash, the fractional composition of Zn, Cr and Co was investigated. The BCR method was utilised to evaluate the acid soluble and exchangeable fraction (F1), reducible fraction (F2), oxidizable fraction (F3) and residual fraction (F4). Physico-chemical parameters such as pH, dry mass, and pseudo-total metal content were also determined. The percentage of zinc in fractions was in the following order: F3 (31.8%) > F1 (30.6%) > F2 (27.8%) > F4 (9.8%), for chromium F4 (88.7%) > F3 (5.4%) > F1 (3.2%) > F2 (2.7%), and in the case of cobalt F4 (59.8%) > F1 (14.3%) > F2 (13.6%) > F3 (12.3%). Mobile metal pool (F1–F3) gathered the most of zinc (90.2%) and the least of chromium (11.3%)

The content and solubility of lead in arable soils of the Podlasie Province (eastern Poland)

The aim of the study was the estimation of total content of lead and its fraction in arable soils and permanent grassland of Podlasie Province, eastern Poland. The research material included 104 soil samples from Podlasie Province, which were collected in years 2011–2013 from the topsoil (0–30 cm) after plant harvest. The following basic physicochemical properties of soil samples were determined: granulometric composition, organic carbon content and pH in 1 mol·dm−3 KCl solution. Based on the granulometric composition soils were divided into three groups: very light and light, medium and organic soils. The total lead and its content in fractions was determined by means of GFAAS technique using Varian AA-100 apparatus. The fractions of lead were extracted by BCR method. In the case of very light and light soils the lowest percentage share of Pb on average was noted in exchangeable fraction (16.3% of total content) and the highest in fraction bound to Fe/Mn oxides (43.5%). Similarly in medium and organic soils the highest amount of Pb was stated in reducible fraction, 43.7 and 41.3% of total content, respectively, and the lowest in exchangeable fraction, 16.5 and 12.2%, respectively. It was found that content of total lead was typical for arable uncontaminated soils

Fractionation of Cadmium, Lead and Copper in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash

The basic physicochemical properties such as: dry mass, pH, pseudo-total content of cadmium, lead and copper, were determined in the fresh bottom ash samples from a municipal waste incineration plant. In order to study fractional composition of the investigated heavy metals, the BCR method was used (F1 – acid soluble and exchangeable fraction, F2 – reducible fraction, F3 – oxidizable fraction, F4 – residual fraction). The average percentage of cadmium in particular fractions was as follows: F1 (37.5%) > F4 (27.2%) > F2 (25.3%) > F3 (10.0%), for lead: F4 (36.5%) > F2(27.2%) > F3(23.4%) > F1(12.9%), and in the case of copper F4(66.3%) > F3(22.1%) > F2(7.4%) > F1(4.2%). Among the studied metals, in mobile pool (F1-F3) the highest amount of cadmium was noted (72.8%); for lead it was 63.5%, and for copper 33.7% of the pseudo-total content

BIOACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN FORAGE GRASSES

The aim of this study was estimation of bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd) in forage grasses from the area of Podlasie Province based on the bioaccumulation factor. In the soil samples the pH, organic carbon content and CEC were determined. Determination of heavy metals contents in plant and soil material was carried out by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Soils were characterized mainly by acidic reaction, high cation exchange capacity and organic carbon content. The content of heavy metals in studied forage grasses did not exceed the polish regulations related to plant usage for feeding purposes, except the lead content in seven samples. Coefficients of variation for particular heavy metals content in studied forage grasses were as follows: Pb - 37%, Ni - 63%, Cu - 30%, Zn - 34%, Cd - 48%. The highest bioaccumulation factor was found for nickel and grass from the village Remieńkiń (11.54), while the lowest for cadmium and grass from the village Jemieliste (0.04)

Northern Provenances of Silver Fir Differ with Acclimation to Contrasting Light Regimes

Phenotypic differentiation of Abies alba was identified among selected provenances originating from the northern edge of this species’ natural geographic range. We posited that although the seed sources of the study populations were not geographically distant, progenies would differ with respect to growth, needle pigment concentration, and values of photochemical parameters in response to contrasting light conditions. Potted seedlings of six provenances were grown for two seasons under low light (LL, 40% of full irradiance) or high light (HL, 100% of full irradiance). The results showed that the provenances differed in diameter at root collar (DRC) and in relative growth rates of height (RGR). Seedlings grown in full light had a greater mean value of DRC than those in LL. LL increased total needle chlorophyll (Chltot) and carotenoid concentrations compared with HL, and Chltot was modified by the provenance of the seedlings. The provenance “Syców”, localized at the northern limit of the species range, showed the lowest value of maximal electron transfer rate (ETRmax) and lower values of growth parameters compared with the other study provenances. Relative growth rate, Chltot, and non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence (NPQ) were correlated with some climatic characteristics of seed stands and formed clusters indicating the local adaptation of the study populations. These results provide evidence of low intraspecific A. alba differentiation in terms of growth dynamics, photochemical capacity, and tolerance to different light regimes. The intraspecific diversity found in our study among the northern lead populations could be, however, important for the natural expansion of this species further north and for the selection of provenances to be used in the programme of the A. alba restoration in the Sudety Mountains, southern Poland, where decline of this species has been observed