Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy: Recent Diagnostic Criteria and Pharmacologic Treatment for Glycemic Contro

Hyperglycemia in pregnancy, or formerly known as gestational diabetesmellitus, is defined as carbohydrate intolerance of variable severitywith onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The classicalscreening and diagnosis of hyperglycemia in pregnancy is the twostepsscreening, consists of 50 gram glucose load and follow by 3-hour 100 gram oral glucose test for those who were screening positive.The diagnosis of hyperglycemia in pregnancy is made if at leasttwo abnormal elevated values i.e. fasting > 95 mg/dl, 1 hour > 180mg/dl. 2 hour > 155 mg/dl, and 3 hour > 140 mg/dl.The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy StudyGroups Consensus Panel (IADPSG) in 2010 and the American DiabetesAssociation in 2011 change the method of screening and diagnosticcriteria. In the new method of screening all pregnant woman,not only the high risk group, should be screened using oral glucosetolerance test with 75 gram of glucose. The new diagnosis criterianeed only one abnormal plasma glucose value i.e. fasting > 92 mg/dlor 1 hour > 180 mg/dl, or 2 hour > 153 mg/dl. There is debate whichcriteria should be used universally, since the new criteria will increasethe prevalence of hyperglycemia in pregnancy.In most diabetic clinics, especially in the North America, besidesmedical nutrition therapy, insulin remains the mainstay of treatmentfor this patient. However, for those women who cannot afford insulinor do not wish to take insulin, glibenclamide and metformin, maybe offered as an alternative. Most experts will prefer to use metformin,since it does not increase body weight and also has an insulinsensitivity effect.Keywords: hyperglycemia in pregnancy, IADPSG criteria, pharmacologictreatmen

A simultaneous approach to the estimation of risk aversion and the subjective time discount rate

"In this paper we analyze a sample of 1,832 individuals who responded to six randomly generated lottery questions that differ with respect to chance, prize and the timing of the draw. Using a model that explicitly allows for consumption smoothing, we obtain an estimate of relative risk aversion of 82. Instead, assuming consumption to be immediate gives an estimate of 2, close to what is traditionally reported, while a model of full asset integration gives estimates higher by several orders of magnitude. Our results show that estimated risk aversion is sensitive to the assumptions made with respect to the consumption profile and that it is possible to determine the level of asset integration endogenously. The average subjective time discount rate, which includes a preference for the present, equals 6% per month. It is found that both parameters vary strongly over individuals and that the variation can be explained by income, age, gender, and entrepreneurship, consistent with the majority of previous evidence." [author's abstract

An Examination of Website Advice to Avoid Jury Duty

The use of a jury in legal proceedings can be traced as far back as the participatory democracies that emerged in Greece in the sixth century BC, although it was not until the signing of the Magna Carta that the right to a trial by a jury of one’s peers emerged.1 In the United States, the Sixth and Seventh Amendments of the U.S. Constitution expressly provide this right in both criminal and civil proceedings.2 Furthermore, these amendments provide individuals with the right to a trial before an impartial jury.3 This right intends to serve as a safeguard against unfair treatment during a trial, providing a system of checks and balances to pursue the goal that justice remains at the heart of the legal system. A jury is intended to serve as a cross-section of the community, as it is drawn from and purports to represent the collective community conscience and common sense when resolving disagreements.4 Despite this rich constitutional history and community context, many residents of the United States actively seek to avoid jury service when they are called, for reasons we discuss further below. Some individuals search the Internet for information about how to avoid participating in jury service. As trial judges are tasked with oversight that spans the entire process of impanelment through voir dire, this study sought to provide a contextual background to assist the judiciary in easily recognizing and assessing potential jury avoidance. In the current study, the investigators examined advice offered by popular websites about how reluctant jurors may attempt to be excused from jury service

It\u27s Not All in Your Head (or at Least Your Brain): Association of Traumatic Brain Lesion Presence and Location with Performance on Measures of Response Bias in Forensic Evaluation

This study examined the relationship between lesion presence and localization and performance on measures of cognitive response bias, specifically in individuals purporting to have a traumatic brain injury. Ninety-two participants, all of whom were involved in workers’ compensation or personal injury litigation, were administered an extensive neuropsychological battery, including neuroimaging (magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography), at a neuropsychiatric clinic in Lexington, KY. Those with evidence of intracranial injury on neuroimaging findings were placed in the head injury lesion litigation group and were coded based on the anatomical location and type of intracranial injury. Results demonstrated no significant relationships between lesion location and performance on performance validity tests (PVTs), as well as the Response Bias Scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form. Given the lack of research concerning lesions and performance validity tests, this study addresses important questions about the validity of PVTs as specific measures of response bias in patients who have structural changes secondary to traumatic brain injury. Copyright#2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Holography, Pade Approximants and Deconstruction

We investigate the relation between holographic calculations in 5D and the Migdal approach to correlation functions in large N theories. The latter employs Pade approximation to extrapolate short distance correlation functions to large distances. We make the Migdal/5D relation more precise by quantifying the correspondence between Pade approximation and the background and boundary conditions in 5D. We also establish a connection between the Migdal approach and the models of deconstructed dimensions.Comment: 28 page

Modeling electrolytically top gated graphene

We investigate doping of a single-layer graphene in the presence of electrolytic top gating. The interfacial phenomena is modeled using a modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation for an aqueous solution of simple salt. We demonstrate both the sensitivity of graphene's doping levels to the salt concentration and the importance of quantum capacitance that arises due to the smallness of the Debye screening length in the electrolyte.Comment: 7 pages, including 4 figures, submitted to Nanoscale Research Letters for a special issue related to the NGC 2009 conference (http://asdn.net/ngc2009/index.shtml