Quantitative and cell type-specific transcriptional regulation of A-type cyclin-dependent kinase in Arabidopsis thaliana

AbstractA-type cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKA) is an ortholog of yeast Cdc2/Cdc28p, and is assumed to have an essential function in plant growth and organogenesis. Previous studies revealed that its kinase activity is controlled by post-translational modifications, such as binding to cyclins and phosphorylations, but its transcriptional regulation is poorly understood. Here, we generated a promoter dissection series of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CDKA;1, and used β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene-fused reporter constructs for expression analyses in planta. The results revealed two types of transcriptional control in shoots: general quantitative regulation and cell type-specific regulation. We identified a promoter region that promotes CDKA;1 expression in the leaf epidermis, but not in the L1 layer of the shoot apical meristem. This region also directed abaxial side-biased expression, which may be linked to the adaxial/abaxial side specification. Another reporter construct showed that CDKA;1 expression in the inner layers of leaves is controlled by a distinct regulatory region in the promoter. These results suggest that the transcriptional regulation of CDKA;1 may play a key role in proper development of leaves by coordinating cell division and differentiation of different cell types

Phase-shift algorithm for white-light interferometry insensitive to linear errors in phase shift

金沢大学理工研究域機械工学系White-light interference has changes in fringe contrast. When phase-shift techniques are applied to white-light interference, the phase-shift algorithm which can extract the phase accurately under the contrast changes is required. There is often another requirement that the phase shift between frames should not be restricted to π/2. Computer simulations show that the well-known algorithms have non-negligible errors under both requirements. To find an algorithm which will satisfy the requirements, I extract individual terms (I j ∓ I k ) in an algorithmic equation by considering symmetry of light intensity against phase, where I j is light intensity just after the j-th phase shift. Using computer simulations, I search for appropriate coefficients by which the terms are multiplied in the equation, finally finding an algorithm which satisfies both the requirements with the phase shift used. © 2008 The Optical Society of Japan

Rate of Solution of Solid Particles in Agitated Liquids

Hixson and Baum have proposed generalized dimensionless equations for the rate of solution of solid particles in agitated liquids. The authors developed an improved equation and conducted additional experiments on the rates of solution of zinc and magnesium metals in dilute hydrochloric acid containing potassium nitrate. Experiments were also made on the rate of solution of benzoic acid in NaOH solutions and of sugar in water. The newly developed equation is as follows: (KD/Df)=α′(D²nρₗ/µ)ᵖ(µ/ρₗFf)q(δ³g/ν²)r(ρₛ-ρₗ/ρₗ)ᵗ The constant α′ and exponents p, q and s are presented in this paper. The authors arrived at the following conclusions: (1) At a definite critical Reynolds number, Rf (or agitator speed, Nf), solid particles are fluidized in an agitated liquid. (2) At this critical Reynolds number (or agitator speed), the rate of increase in solution velocity is abruptly decreased with further increase in agitator speed. (3) In the fluidized state where N>Nf, an increase in density difference between the solid and liquid phases combined with the effect of agitation velocity greatly reduces the diffusional resistance. (4) In the range of Reynolds numbers less than Rf, or agitator speed less than Nf, the apparent rate of solution of solid particles increases with the 1.0 to 1.4 power of Rₑ depending upon the conditions of agitation. This experimental effect may reach a value of even 2.9 for small particles. (5) From these experiments it is expected that the effect of agitation in liquid-liquid systems is mainly to increase the reaction surface area, and that the effect of agitation in diminishing diffusion resistance is rather small. The effect of agitation in solid-liquid systems in the range of fluidization is mainly to diminish diffusional resistance

Deformation measurement along two directions of a continuously deforming object by using two lasers and one color camera

In a previous study, we developed the continuous-deformation measurement method which does not require specklegram in static condition and can measure deformation more than 200 micro-meters with 0.1 micro-meter resolution. This method could be applied to deformation measurement along only one direction. We have improved this method and have obtained the new method which can measure deformation along two directions by using two lasers and one color camera. To verify the validity of the method, we carried out deformation measurement of an aluminum plate which was set at a tension testing machine. Results of deformation measurement along two directions are shown. © 2011 SPIE

Phase-shift extraction from twice-normalized light intensity changes recorded with random phase shifts

A simple phase-shift extraction algorithm is proposed for interferograms recorded with random phase shifts that vary over at least 2π. The phase-shift-dependent changes in the intensity at two pixels having different phases, selected from one frame, are taken out and normalized. The sum and difference of the two normalized changes are calculated, and both the changes are normalized again along the phase shifts. The normalized sum and difference become the cosine and sine of a term including the random phase shift, respectively. Thereby, the phase shifts are extracted from both twice-normalized intensity changes. An experiment using an interference microscope equipped with a piezoelectric-transducer positioner of an objective lens is conducted to estimate the validity of the algorithm. The algorithm is verified to have satisfactory results when the multiple interferograms used have a sample size of more than 15 frames recorded with random phase shifts

波長シフト干渉計を用いる昇温粗面物体の3次元形状計測

金沢大学理工研究域機械工学系激しい光路差変動の残る状況下で使える，波長シフト干渉計を用いる粗面の３次元形状計測法を開発している．これまで高温のドライヤー風を吹き付ける状況下での形状計測結果を報告してきた．今回は，通電し温度が上がりつつあるハンダごての形状を風を吹き付けないで測定した．干渉像の位相抽出のための位相シフト量計算を行う空間サイズの効果が確認できた．出版者照会後に全文公

工作機械の二次元変形の高精度実時間測定技術に関する研究

工作機械の性能向上には,加工中における機械の熱や応力による変形を実時間で高精度に評価し,変形分布の解析を介してそのデータを機械設計に生かすことが望まれる.そこで,これまでに開発されている「レーザ干渉とカメラを用いて大型物体の2次元変形分布を縞画像として測定する方法」をベースに,本研究では加工中の機械で見られる動的な変形を定量的かつ高精度に測定でするための方法を以下のように研究した.まず機械は加工中においては変形が止まっていることは非常に少ない.そこで,我々が開発してきた「変形した後の画像を1枚しか使用しない変形位相抽出法」を改良し,データ解析時間を短縮すると共に,高精度に変形位相変化を測定できる方法を新たに研究開発した.上の方法は,変形前の干渉位相測定に関しては位相シフト法を用いていたが,位相シフト法を用いる時は測定物体が完全静止している必要がある.そこで位相シフト法の利用を止め,測定中は対象が完全静止することなくずっと変形している場合でも,変形中の任意時点での位相を高精度に測定する方法を開発した.ただし,1波長のレーザ光と干渉計を用いる変形測定では,変形量が画像を一枚取り込む間にレーザ光の波長以上に変形すると,正確な変形位相が測定できない.そこで,二波長のレーザー光を干渉測定光学計に適用し,上で述べたところの「変形が止まることのない物体の干渉画像から動的変形を高精度評価する方法」を組み合わせて,動的でかつ大きな変形にも対応できる二次元変形の定量的変形評価方法を研究開発した.To develop a machine tool of high performance it is required to measure 2-D deformation amounts of it under : cutting process and then required to feedback the measured deformation data to design process of it Therefore, we studied real-time and precision measurement technique for 2-D deformation amounts of the machine tool. We had developed a technique by which a whole-field image representing the deforming amount can be measured without : phase shift techniques. Using this technique, deformation amounts of the object continuously deforming can be measured. But in step-like deformations, discontinuous deformation, usual techniques using a laser of single wavelength can not measure accurate deforming amounts, because of 2 π ambiguousties. Here, we developed a new technique, which can measure large deformations including step-like deformations, by combining the above technique with two laser beams of different wavelengths. From a multi-line beam of an argon laser 488.0nm and 514.5nm laser beams were selected and then separately introduced to two acoustic optical (AO) modulators. These AO modulators work as shutters of l/300s. After passing those, two laser beams were coupled to single-mode ; optical fibers and were conveyed to a speckle interferometer. The light reflected from the object deforming was interfered with the reference light and was focused on CCD array of the camera with the RESTART RESET mode. This camera synchronously working with the AO shutters can separately record two specklegrams which are of two wavelengths and are alternately focused on their CCD array with 0.2 ms interval. From the intensity signal changes ofspecklegrams, phase changes in each wavelength were calculated with the previously developed technique. Finally, large deformations including step-like deformations were obtained from phase differences in two wavelengths.研究課題/領域番号:11650120, 研究期間(年度):1999–2001出典：「工作機械の二次元変形の高精度実時間測定技術に関する研究」研究成果報告書　課題番号11650120 (KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）)　　　本文データは著者版報告書より作

波長シフト干渉計を用いる高温粗面物体の3次元形状計測

金沢大学理工研究域機械工学系光軸方向に激しい光路差変動の残る状況で使える，波長シフト干渉計を用いる粗面物体の３次元形状計測法を開発している．これまで高温のドライヤー風を吹き付ける状況での形状計測結果を報告してきた．今回は，通電し高温になったハンダごての形状をドライヤーの冷風をあてて測定した．干渉像の位相抽出のための位相シフト量計算を行う空間サイズの効果を，こての温度別に評価した.出版者照会後に全文公

Low Temperature Transformation of Fe-Pd and Fe-Pt Invar Alloys

Low temperature structures of Fe-Pd and Fe-Pt alloys in the Invar region have been determined by means of low temperature X-ray diffraction experiment. The phase diagrams are obtained. A new fct phase is found in the ordered and disordered Fe-Pt and the disordered Fe-Pd systems. An effect of the degree of order for Fe_3Pt to the structural transformations are examined. The lattice instability of Fe-based fcc Invar alloys are discussed from the low temperature structures with the lattice softening effect and the lattice distortion anomaly