A variation of the brachial plexus characterized by the absence of the musculocutaneous nerve: A case report

A variation of the brachial plexus characterized by the absence of the musculocutaneous nerve on both sides was observed during the dissection of a 72 year-old female cadaver. The long thoracic nerve included only the fibers from C5 and C6 on the left side. The musculocutaneous nerve was absent and two branches from the lateral cord innervated the coracobrachialis muscle. The median nerve innervated the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles in the arm and also gave off the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. Additionally, a communicating branch was found from the median nerve to the ulnar nerve in the forearm. The knowledge of the anatomical variations of the peripheral nerve system can help give explanation when encountering an incomprehensible clinical sign

Morphological features of the ventral tegmental area: a brainstem structure related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral disorder of the childhood and more interestis raised by clinical investigators nowadays. In spite of being the most studied neurobehavioral condition in child psychiatry,the pathophysiology of ADHD remains elusive. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been implicated in the etiology ofADHD. This part of the midbrain needs to be investigated further due to its complex cytoarchitecture and connectivity inorder to gain insight into the neurobiology of ADHD. In this review, we will first briefly explain the history of the VTAresearches and then summarize the anatomical features and connectivity of this regio

Effect of copper overload together with ethanol uptake on hippocampal neurons

Copper is an essential trace element which forms an integral component of many enzymes. While trace amounts of copper are needed to sustain life, excess copper is extremely toxic in the brain. Also, ethanol intake causes morphological changes in the brain. The present study aims to investigate effects of copper overload with ethanol intake in hippocampal neuron numbers of rat brain. Control and experimental group of rats (n=6 for each group) were fed ad libitum. Experimental group were given ethanol with copper in drinking water each day for ten days. Control group animals were given only drinking water during this period. Afterwards, animals were decapitated and their brains were removed by craniotomy. Frozen brains were cut by a cryostat. Sections collected via systematic random sampling were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. On microscopic images obtained from pyramidal cell layers in hippocampus, total neuron numbers were estimated using the optical fractionator method. We observed that pyramidal neuron numbers in the subdivisions of hippocampus were significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. These results suggest that copper overdose with ethanol intake can cause neuronal loss in hippocampus of rat brain. © 2003 Tohoku University Medical Press

New fixation method in anatomy: polymerization

Abstract Not Availabl

Protective effects of vitamin E on aluminium sulphate-induced testicular damage

Male infertility can be caused by environmental factors, genetic defects, physiological and endocrine deficiencies and testicular pathologies. Aluminium (Al) can cause male infertility through a number of mechanisms. The aim of our study was thus to determine whether vitamin E (VitE) has protective effects on Al-induced testicular damage, which was determined according to sperm counts and morphology and using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. Thirty-four male Wistar rats (250–300 g) were randomly assigned to control (no procedures performed; n = 6) or 0.2 mL intraperitoneal injection group (n = 7 each; three times per week for 4 weeks): sham (distilled water), 10 mg/kg Al, 500 mg/kg VitE and 10 mg/kg Al plus 500 mg/kg VitE (Al + VitE). Sperm samples were evaluated for andrological parameters. The testes were examined by haematoxylin/eosin. The epithelial thickness and areas were calculated and Johnsen scores were determined for the germinal epithelium; the apoptotic indices were determined from TUNEL staining. For Al, the bonds between the germinal epithelial cells were broken in some tubules, and there were unidentified cells in the lumen of some tubules. For control, sham and VitE, normal morphology of the germinal epithelium was generally preserved. With Al + VitE, the full germinal epithelium cell series was maintained, with only mature sperm in the lumen. TUNEL-positive cells were significantly higher with Al compared to control and sham (p 0.05). For Al + VitE, the number of apoptotic cells was reduced compared to Al alone and was therefore similar to control, sham and VitE (p > 0.05). Our findings show that Al caused testicular damage. VitE reduced the number of apoptotic cells during the damage caused by Al. © The Author(s) 2020

Penisilinle epilepsi oluşturulan sıçanlarda gyrus dentatus granüler hücre tabakasındaki hacim değişiklikleri

Amaç: Deneysel olarak penisilinle epilepsi oluşturulan sıçanlarda gyrus dentatus hacim değişiklikleri araştırıldı. Çalışma Planı: Çalışmada 12 adet, 16-20 haftalık Sprague-Dawley cinsi dişi sıçan (220-350 gr) iki gruba ayrıldı. Kontrol grubuna intrakortikal serum fizyolojik, diğer gruba aynı yolla penisilin-G (500 ILJ) verildi. Bir hafta sonra çıkarılan beyinler dondurmalı mikrotomda donduruldu ve 150 $um$m kalınlıkta kesildi. Elde edilen histolojik kesitler hematoksilen-eosin ile boyandı. Kesitlerdeki gyrus dentatus granüler hücre tabakasının mikroskop görüntüsü monitöre aktarıldı ve hacmi stereolojik bir yöntem olan Cavalieri prensibine göre hesaplandı. Bulgular: Serum fizyolojik verilen sıçanlara göre, penisilinle epilepsi oluşturulan sıçanların gyrus dentatus hacimleri daha büyük bulunmasına rağmen, aradaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildi (Mann-Whitney U-testi, p>0.05). Sonuç: Deneysel epileptik nöbetlerin beynin değişik bölgelerindeki etkilerini araştırmada nöron sayısı ile birlikte hacim değişikliklerinin de değerlendirilmesi objektif sonuçlara ulaşmada katkı sağlayacaktır

Shell-less culture of the chick embryo as a model system in the study of developmental neurobiology

Experimental studies on animal models play essential roles in the development of preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for diseases in a wide spectrum of fields including neurological sciences. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the shell-less culture system of the chick embryo as a potential experimental model in the field of developmental neurobiology. We were able to observe and record the central nervous system development of a vertebrate embryo in an artificial experimental culture container starting from an early, three-vesicle brain stage up to a well-developed five-vesicle brain stage with an embryo survival rate of 100%. Thus, this model system has the potential to enhance our knowledge on molecular and developmental neurobiology at both basic and clinical science level. © neuroanatomy.org

The left sternalis muscle variation detected during mastectomy

The sternalis muscle variation is a well-known anatomical situation. It is present in 8.7% of women and 6.4% of men, although the incidence varies according to sex, race and ethnicity. During a left modified radical mastectomy operation on a 46-year-old female patient a sternalis muscle was detected on the pectoralis major muscle in the superficial fascia. It was in craniocaudal position and was parallel to the body of the sternum. The cylindrical muscle was approximately 8 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter. Such variations are considered to have their origin in embryological development. Awareness of muscular variations and their identification is important both for procedure through the proper dissection planes during breast surgery and in radiological examination and follow-up. Copyright © 2005 Via Medica