Spatial patterns of distribution and relative abundance of coastal shark species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve

A better understanding of the patterns of distribution and abundance of sharks and their potential biological and environmental drivers is essential to develop and evaluate spatial management plans for conservation and fisheries. Benthic and pelagic baited remote underwater stereo-video systems (stereo-BRUVs) were used to describe spatial and temporal patterns in coastal shark assemblages in the Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR). From 629 stereo-BRUV deployments, 877 sharks from 10 species were recorded. Shark assemblages displayed high spatial variation, likely in response to the diversity of habitats occurring in the GMR. The relative importance of environmental and biological drivers differed among shark species according to their mobility. Some species were widespread across the Galapagos Archipelago (GA) but occurred primarily only as either juveniles (Carcharhinus galapagensis) or adults while others were more spatially restricted and associated with geographical features (Sphyrna lewini and Galeocerdo cuvier) or specific habitats (Triakidae spp. and Heterodontus quoyi). The highest diversity of sharks was found in the Centre South bioregion of the GA, in areas with heterogeneous habitat and high overall fish diversity (islets and Floreana Island), while the greatest total abundance of sharks was recorded at the northern oceanic islands of Darwin and Wolf. Overall, the GMR harbours a unique coastal shark community that varies in composition across the GA. It is dominated by large semipelagic species but is also characterised by the presence of less mobile benthic species that are not found near other oceanic islands in the Eastern Tropical Pacific region

Reply to: Shark mortality cannot be assessed by fishery overlap alone

[Extract] Our previously published paper1 provided global fine-scale spatiotemporal estimates (1° × 1°; monthly) of overlap and fishing exposure risk (FEI) between satellite-tracked shark space use and automatic identification system (AIS) longline fishing effort. We did not assess shark mortality directly, but in addition to replying to the Comment by Murua et al.2, we confirm—using regression analysis of spatially matched data—that fishing-induced pelagic shark mortality (catch per unit effort (CPUE)) is greater where FEI is higher. We focused on assessing shark horizontal spatiotemporal overlap and exposure risk with fisheries because spatial overlap is a major driver of fishing capture susceptibility and previous shark ecological risk assessments (ERAs) assumed a homogenous shark density within species-range distributions3,4,5 or used coarse-scale modelled occurrence data, rather than more ecologically realistic risk estimates in heterogeneous habitats that were selected by sharks over time. Furthermore, our shark spatial exposure risk implicitly accounts for other susceptibility factors with equal or similar probabilities to those commonly used in shark ERAs3,5