Unobservable Product Differentiation in Discrete Choice Models: Estimating Price Elasticities and Welfare Effects

Discrete choice models used in statistical applications typically interpret an unobservable term as the interaction of unobservable horizontal differentiation and idiosyncratic consumer preferences. An implicit assumption in most such models is that all choices are equally horizontally differentiated from each other. This assumption is problematic in a number of recent studies that use discrete choice frameworks to evaluate the welfare effects from different numbers of goods (e.g. Berry and Waldfogel, 1999; Rysman, 2000). Researchers might think that it is possible for product space to "fill up" and that ignoring this issue might lead to an overestimate of welfare as the number of new products increases. This paper proposes a solution whereby the researcher estimates the decrease in value that agents receive from higher numbers of products as a result of the decreasing importance of horizontal differentiation. The paper reviews previous results on how a linear random utility model (LRUM) can be mapped into an address (Hotelling) model. The paper shows how realistic assumptions on differentiation in an address setting can be mapped into an LRUM. LRUM models imply that all choices are strong gross substitutes. In order to preserve that condition in an address model, n choices must be differentiated along at least $n-1$ dimensions. This paper proposes that utility drawn from different dimensions be weighted differently. Mapping this feature into an LRUM requires weighting the utility from each choice based upon the dimension along which it is differentiated from others. As researchers will typically be unwilling to make assumptions about which dimension products differ on, the paper discusses integrating over the different possibilities in a computationally inexpensive way that still allows the researcher to relax the assumption of symmetric differentiation.

Unobserved Product Differentiation in Discrete Choice Models: Estimating Price Elasticities and Welfare Effects

Standard discrete choice models such as logit, nested logit, and random coefficients models place very strong restrictions on how unobservable product space increases with the number of products. We argue (and show with Monte Carlo experiments) that these restrictions can lead to biased conclusions regarding price elasticities and welfare consequences from additional products. In addition, these restrictions can identify parameters which are not intuitively identified given the data at hand. We suggest two alternative models that relax these restrictions, both motivated by structural interpretations. Monte-Carlo experiments and an application to data show that these alternative models perform well in practice.

Nutritional management after total laryngectomy

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Improved Jive Estimators for Overidentified Linear Models with and without Heteroskedasticity

We introduce two simple new variants of the Jackknife Instrumental Variables (JIVE) estimator for overidentified linear models and show that they are superior to the existing JIVE estimator, signifi- cantly improving on its small sample bias properties. We also compare our new estimators to existing Nagar (1959) type estimators. We show that, in models with heteroskedasticity, our estimators have superior properties to both the Nagar estimator and the related B2SLS estimator suggested in Donald and Newey (2001). These theoretical results are verified in a set of Monte-Carlo experiments and then applied to estimating the returns to schooling using actual data.

Asymptotic Variance Estimator for Two-Step Semiparametric Estimators

The goal of this paper is to develop techniques to simplify semiparametric inference. We do this by deriving a number of numerical equivalence results. These illustrate that in many cases, one can obtain estimates of semiparametric variances using standard formulas derived in the already-well-known parametric literature. This means that for computational purposes, an empirical researcher can ignore the semiparametric nature of the problem and do all calculations "as if" it were a parametric situation. We hope that this simplicity will promote the use of semiparametric procedures.Two-step semiparametrics

It all comes down to identity: An examination of the European Union’s stance on Ukrainian sovereignty

That sovereignty is losing its importance within international politics is a commonly occurring claim. When adopted by realists it is used as describing the end of an era where predictions of state behaviour were easily made. When concluded by liberalists, it is seen as marking the transit to a new era where the view on an international system as defined by cooperation due to common interests. This essay will examine the way we look at sovereignty today in order to find an alternative explanation to the above mentioned competing views. Is it possible to use a model to describe sovereignty in all its complexity or will we have to accept that it is a constructed concept which will never truly be definable? By focusing on the sanctions imposed by the EU towards Russia due to the Ukraine conflict, this essay will take a stance on a framework developed by Stephen Krasner, dividing sovereignty into four categories: Westphalian sovereignty, domestic sovereignty, legal international sovereignty and interdependence sovereignty. The purpose is to examine to what extent this model provides a reliable explanation for sovereignty in an international context. By analysing the rhetoric used by the EU in explaining the situation in Ukraine, the idea of the importance of a national identity will also be added into the discussion. Concluding that Krasner’s model fails to take into account all dimensions of the concept of sovereignty, a suggestion will be made that we do also take into consideration social sovereignty

The use of prebiotics and probiotics in infant formula

Gastrointestinal flora influences health, but the composition of flora can be changed with prebiotics or probiotics. The addition of probiotics to powdered infant formula has not been demonstrated to be harmful to healthy term infants. However, evidence of clinical efficacy regarding their addition is insufficient to recommend the routine use of such formula. The administration of probiotic (single or in combination) supplementation in infant or follow-on formula, and given beyond early infancy, may be associated with some clinical benefits, such as a reduction in the risk of nonspecific gastrointestinalinfections, a reduced risk of antibiotic use and a lower frequency of colic and irritability. Confirmatory well-designed clinical research studies are necessary

Low-Income Demand for Local Telephone Service: Effects of Lifeline and Linkup

This study evaluates the effect of the “Lifeline” and “Linkup” subsidy programs on telephone penetration rates of low-income households. It is the first to estimate low-income telephone demand across demographic groups using location-specific Lifeline and Linkup prices. The demand specifications use a discrete choice model aggregated across demographic groups. GMM estimators correct for the possible endogeneity of subsidized prices. A simulation predicts low-income telephone penetration would be 4.1 percentage points lower without Lifeline and Linkup. Results suggest that Linkup is more cost-effective than Lifeline, and that automatic enrollment in the programs increases penetration.telephone subsidies, low-income telephone usuers

Measuring the Relative Performance of Providers of a Health Service

A methodology is developed and applied to compare the performance of publicly funded agencies providing treatment for alcohol abuse in Maine. The methodology estimates a Wiener process that determines the duration of completed treatments, while allowing for agency differences in the effectiveness of treatment, standards for completion of treatment, patient attrition, and the characteristics of patient populations. Notably, the Wiener process model separately identifies agency fixed effects that describe differences in the effectiveness of treatment ('treatment effects'), and effects that describe differences in the unobservable characteristics of patients ('population effects'). The estimated model enables hypothetical comparisons of how different agencies would treat the same populations. The policy experiment of transferring the treatment practices of more cost-effective agencies suggests that Maine could have significantly reduced treatment costs without compromising health outcomes by identifying and transferring best practices.

Mathematics is a gentleman\u27s art: Analysis and synthesis in American college geometry teaching, 1790-1840

The story of geometry education in the American college has been subject to neglect, with most historians assuming that all available information was published in secondary sources around the turn of the twentieth century. However, recent trends in the history of science include the revelation of the development of the scientific community before the Civil War and an interest in the study of textbooks. Additionally, the literature lacks attempts to place geometry education and mathematics professors within the scientific community. There are also no modern biographies of the three principal actors, Jeremiah Day, John Farrar, and Charles Davies. Finally, mathematicians in the early nineteenth century often framed their discussions according to various understandings of two key terms, analysis and synthesis. ;This study, therefore, seeks to address these gaps. Day, Farrar, and Davies were the first three American authors to write series of mathematical textbooks, and their volumes on geometry were the most popular in nineteenth-century American colleges. As these facts are explored, the existence of a significant community of mathematics professors is demonstrated. These professors made incremental adjustments to the traditional liberal arts curriculum while carrying out normal science and publicizing European mathematics in colleges which were themselves friendly to Mathematics; Day, Farrar, and Davies weighed British and French influences, had much in common with their contemporaries in Scotland, and formed an essential step between elite colonial amateur mathematicians and university research Mathematics;;The dissertation is presented in six chapters. The first reviews the literature on the history of American mathematics and science between 1790 and 1840. This chapter also establishes French mathematics and the history of analysis and synthesis as givens in the background of the story of American college geometry education. The second chapter evaluates the Scottish experience with geometry textbooks, paying special attention to the manifestation of analysis and synthesis as mathematical styles, method of proof, and educational techniques in John Playfair\u27s Elements of Geometry. Then, the third, fourth, and fifth chapters lay out the biographies and careers of Day, Farrar, and Davies, and these chapters discuss the professors\u27 geometry textbooks with respect to analysis and synthesis. Finally, the conclusion ties together the themes raised above and outlines the history of American geometry education after 1840