Caractérisation de terpènes antileishmaniens isolés par bioguidage d'une plante bolivienne Hedyosmum angustifolium (Ruiz et Pavon) Solms Chloranthaceae

Afin de trouver de nouvelles molécules d'origine naturelle efficaces contre la leishmaniose, et de valoriser la biodiversité bolivienne, nous avons travaillé sur une plante issue du Parc National de Cotapata en Bolivie. Ce travail est consacré à l'étude phytochimique de l'extrait acétate d'éthyle des écorces de H. angustifolium. Au cours de ce travail nous avons isolé 7 molécules dont 4 sont nouvelles (M2, M4, M5 et M6) et présentent des structures originales, notamment les deux isomères bolivianine (M5) et isobolivianine (M6). Ces deux composés appartiennent à la famille des sesterpènes et sont décrits pour la première fois. Les résultats de test biologiques de ces 7 molécules montrent que : l'onosériolide (M1) est le plus actif sur les amastigotes axéniques de L. amazonensis et L. infantum. De plus, il garde l'activité sur les amastigotes intramacrophagiques. Le spathulénol (M7) est lui particulièrement actif sur les macrophages infectés et il est de plus faiblement cytotoxique

El servicio de negociacion en CORBA

La especificacion del servicio de negociacion (trading) para la arquitectura CommonObject Request Broker (CORBA) es un documento que describe la interaction entreobjetos. En el estandar se definen las formas en que los objetos deberian anunciar yencontrar servicios en ambientes distribuidos heterogeneos. El proposito de este trabajoes presentar una description de los tipos de servicio, propiedades y comportamiento delservicio de negociacion, sin tocar aspectos de detalle tecnico

El Programa Conectar Igualdad: Contextualización y análisis teórico de una política social de inclusión digital

En el siguiente artículo nos proponemos analizar el Programa Conectar Igualdad, una política social desarrollada en el área de la educación e implementada a partir del año 2010. Este artículo se plantea realizar un análisis descriptivo y teórico de este programa, para lo cual se exponen sus lineamientos, sus objetivos, destinatarios de la política, organismos estatales y no estatales involucrados. Asimismo, expondremos el contexto en el que esta política social fue implementada. Entendemos que la implementación de esta política se corresponde con un determinado modelo de política social que se desarrolló en Argentina entre 2003 y 2015. Además, consideramos que se trató de una política que buscó hacer frente a una problemática de las últimas décadas: la brecha digital. Argumentamos que este programa se enmarco en el Enfoque de Derechos y significó un proceso de “desmercantilización” de la tecnología.In the next article, we intend to analyze the Conectar Igualdad Program, a social policy developed in the area of education and implemented as of 2010. This article proposes to carry out a descriptive and theoretical analysis of this program. We expose its guidelines, its objectives, receptors of the policy, state and non-state organizations involved. In addition, we will expose the context in which this social policy was implemented. We understand that the implementation of this policy corresponds to a certain model of social policy that was developed in Argentina between 2003 and 2015. At the same time, we consider that it was a policy that sought to address a problem of recent decades: the digital divide. We argue that this program was framed within the Rights Approach and meant a process of decommodification of technologyFil: Acebey Marinaro, Juan Cruz Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Argentin

Certificados digitales

Los sistemas que ofrecen servicios mediante Internet requieren de confianza,privacidad y seguridad entre ellos y sus clientes. El problema de la identificación depersonas o sistemas que usan medios de comunicación no fiables se puede resolverusando certificados digitales. En este artículo se presenta un estudio de los certificadosdigitales

Desarrollo de gangrena en paciente inoculado por Pterois volitans (pez león). Presentación de un caso

En los últimos años se observa un alza de la incidencia de casos clínicos por picadura de pez león, que en su mayoría evolucionan sin complicaciones. Se presenta a un paciente de 74 años de edad, pescador, que fue picado en alta mar por un pez león (Pterois volitans) en el miembro inferior izquierdo. A partir de ese momento comenzó con dolor intenso en la zona de la lesión y fiebre. Luego de casi 18 horas de exposición al tóxico, fue llevado al Hospital de Caibarién, desde donde se solicitó información toxicológica y conducta a seguir al Centro de Toxicología de Villa Clara. Después de orientar las medidas a tomar, el paciente fue trasladado para el Hospital Provincial en Santa Clara. Luego de tratamiento quirúrgico y de terapia con antibióticos, el paciente comenzó a evolucionar de forma satisfactoria sin presentar más complicaciones hasta su egreso. Existe cierto desconocimiento por parte del personal de salud en cuanto a la conducta a seguir ante un paciente inoculado por esta especie, motivo por el cual se presenta el caso. Mediante la descripción de la evolución de este paciente, el artículo se propone divulgar el potencial toxicológico que representa el pez león

Biological variation in climbing aroids

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Las especies de Araceae son conocidas por sus distintas formas de vida; sin embargo, la terminología relacionada con este grupo genera confusiones conceptuales dentro de la comunidad científica. Nuestro objetivo fue demostrar la confusión conceptual actual derivada de la literatura y ejemplares de herbario vs. observaciones y datos de campo. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de fuentes de información relevantes sobre las formas de vida de aráceas, incluyendo floras y tratamientos taxonómicos, así como de ejemplares de herbario. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo un censo de seis especies de aráceas en la Estación de Biología Tropical “Los Tuxtlas”, Veracruz, México. Para cada individuo se buscaron las conexiones de sus raíces adventicias y tallos con el suelo, además se tomaron medidas de su longitud total y hojas para crear tres clases ontogénicas. Resultados clave: Se presentan las descripciones de formas de vida de 30 especies de Araceae trepadoras de Veracruz publicadas en nueve publicaciones, mostrando una marcada inconsistencia en el uso de la terminología. El análisis de los datos documentados en los ejemplares de herbario reveló para 17 especies, que todas fueron asignadas con al menos tres de ocho diferentes categorías de hábito, principalmente como epífita, hemiepífita y trepadora. De las seis especies censadas en campo, la mayoría de los individuos tiene conexión con el suelo. Conclusiones: Las asignaciones de formas de vida basadas en observaciones de campo sin tener datos cuantitativos sobre el contacto de las plantas con el suelo son problemáticas. Más bien, es necesario analizar y aclarar la ontogenia de las aráceas trepadoras, lo que puede contribuir a estructurar adecuadamente nuestros conceptos y evitar ambigüedades en la terminología. Asimismo, también se debería evitar que se agrupen a las especies de Araceae indistintamente en estudios sobre epífitas, lo cual lleva a sobreestimar la riqueza reportada.Background and Aims: The species of Araceae are known for their diversity of life forms; however, the terminology regarding this group generates conceptual confusion within the scientific community. Our objective was to demonstrate the current conceptual confusion based on the literature, herbarium vouchers vs. observations and field data. Methods: A thorough review of relevant sources of information on aroid life forms was carried out, including floras and taxonomic treatments, as well as herbarium vouchers. Additionally, a census of six aroid species was conducted at the Tropical Biological Station “Los Tuxtlas”, Veracruz, Mexico. For each individual we searched for the connections of its adventitious roots and stems with the soil, in addition we took measurements of its total length and leaves to create three ontogenic classes. Key results: We present descriptions of life forms of 30 species of climbing Araceae from Veracruz published in nine publications, showing pronounced inconsistency in the use of terminology. The analysis of the data documented in the herbarium specimens revealed for 17 species, that these were assigned to at least three of eight different habit categories, mainly as epiphyte, hemiepiphyte and climber. Of the six species surveyed in the field, most of the individuals have a connection with the soil. Conclusions: Life form assignments based on field observations without quantitative data on the contact of plants with the soil are problematic. Rather, it is necessary to analyze and clarify the ontogeny of climbing aroids, which can help to properly structure our concepts and avoid ambiguities in terminology. Likewise, it should also be avoided that Araceae species are lumped indiscriminately in epiphyte studies, which leads to an overestimation of the reported richness

A Fatty Acid Glycoside from a Marine-Derived Fungus Isolated from Mangrove Plant Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea

To study the antimicrobial components from the endophytic fungus A1 of mangrove plant Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. F., a new fatty acid glucoside was isolated by column chromatography from the broth of A1, and its structure was identified as R-3-hydroxyundecanoic acid methylester-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (1) by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR (HMQC, 1H-1H COSY and HMBC) and chemical methods. Antimicrobial assay showed compound 1 possessed modest inhibitory effect on Saphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) using the filter paper disc agar diffusion method

Tratamiento de la urgencia hipertensiva con aurículopuntura en pacientes con diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial descompensada

A prospective quasi-experimental study was conducted in the Hospital “Comandante Manuel Fajardo Rivero” Hospital from September 2009 to March 2013 and its main purpose was focused on evaluating the results of ear acupuncture in the treatment of hypertensive urgency in patients diagnosed with hypertension decompensated in the Emergency Service. The study population consisted of 303 patients who were attended in the Guardroom and they agreed to cooperate with the investigation. Two groups were formed, each of them with 54 patients who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria; one received treatment with ear acupuncture and the other with oral captopril. The variables age, sex, type of injury, clinical course, remission time of blood pressure levels and treatment outcomes were evaluated (both were satisfactory). It was presented the hypertensive urgency without significant differences between the sexes and the average age of the group with ear acupuncture, which was significantly lower than the treated with captopril, it was showed more often the hypertensive urgency between 40 and 59 years predominated injury by warm fullness or excess in the wood element in both groups, the clinical evolution was favorable in both groups in the minute 60, the remission time of blood pressure levels was shorter in the group with ear acupuncture and moderately short in treated with captopril.Se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental prospectivo en el Hospital “Comandante Manuel Fajardo Rivero” desde septiembre de 2009 hasta marzo de 2013 y su propósito principal se centró en evaluar los resultados de la aurículopuntura en el tratamiento de la urgencia hipertensiva en pacientes con diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial descompensada en el Servicio de Urgencia. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 303 pacientes que acudieron al Cuerpo de Guardia y que consintieron en colaborar con la investigación. Se conformaron dos grupos, cada uno con 54 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión; uno recibió tratamiento con aurículopuntura y el otro con captopril oral. Se evaluaron las variables edad, sexo, tipo de lesión, evolución clínica, tiempo de remisión de las cifras de tensión arterial y resultados de los tratamientos (ambos fueron satisfactorios). Se presentó la urgencia hipertensiva sin diferencias significativas entre los sexos y la edad media del grupo con aurículopuntura, que fue significativamente menor a la del tratado con captopril, se mostró con más frecuencia la urgencia hipertensiva entre los 40 y 59 años, predominó la lesión por plenitud calurosa o el exceso en el elemento madera en ambos grupos, la evolución clínica fue favorable en los dos grupos en el minuto 60, el tiempo de remisión de las cifras de tensión arterial fue corto en el grupo con aurículopuntura y medianamente corto en los tratados con captopril

Current and future interactions between nature and society

One hundred per cent of the natural units of analysis will continue to be negatively affected, with a concomitant decrease in natures contributions to people, given current trends (business as usual), though the magnitude and exact mechanism of the individual drivers will vary by driver and unit of analysis (established but incomplete){5.4}. For example, tropical moist and dry forest and coastal mangroves will continue to exhibit a decline due to land use change regardless of the scenarios considered, but different local factors (agriculturalization and urbanization, respectively) will be involved (well established) {5.4.1, 5.4.11}. Additionally, some drivers will affect units of analysis differently. Empirical evidence indicates differential effects of climate change: boreal forest is extending northward {5.4.2}, while tundra is diminishing in land area (established but incomplete) {5.4.3}. Thus, some drivers, and their relative roles, will need to be further refined on a local scale and with respect to their proximate factors.2. Multiple drivers will act in synergy and further produce biodiversity loss and impact nature?s contributions to people in most of the units of analysis for the Americas (established but incomplete){5.4}. Climate change, combined with other drivers, is predicted to account for an increasingly larger proportion of biodiversity loss in the future, in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems {5.3}. Forest fragmentation, climate change and industrial development increase risk of biodiversity and nature?s contributions to people loss i.e. dry forest unit of analysis {5.4.1.2}. Predictions on invasive species and climate change indicates an increase in habitable areas and their potential impacts on different units of analysis {5.3}.3. Changes in temperature, precipitation regime and extreme climate events are predicted to impact all units of analysis in the Americas (well established) {5.4}. Climate change and the potential impacts on tropical dry forests by changing the frequency of wildfires; change in forest structure and functional composition in the Amazon tropical moist forest; extreme drought events changing nature?s contributions to people in the Amazon region; insect outbreaks and changes in albedo are predicted to significantly impact temperate, boreal and tundra units of analysis, affecting society and indigenous communities and well-being {5.4}.4. Thresholds, or tipping points (conditions resulting in rapid and potentially irreversible changes) may have already been exceeded for some ecosystems and are likely for others (established but incomplete). For instance, it is considered more likely than not that such a threshold has already been passed in the cryosphere with respect to summer sea ice (established but incomplete) {5.4.12}. Model simulations indicate changes in forest structure and species distribution in the Amazon forest in response to global warming and change in precipitation patterns (forest die-back) (established but incomplete) {5.4.1}. So too, a 4oC increase in global temperatures is predicted to likely cause widespread die off of boreal forest due to greater susceptibility to disease {5.4.2} and global temperature increases may have already started persistent thawing of the permafrost {5.4.3}. Under 4°C warming, widespread coral reef mortality is expected with significant impacts on coral reef ecosystems {5.4.11}. Sea surface water temperature increase will cause a reduction of sea grass climatic niche: those populations under seawater surface temperature thresholds higher than the temperature ranges required by the species could become extinct by 2100 with concomitant loss of ecosystem services.IPBES/6/INF/4/Rev.15415. Changes in nature and nature?s contributions to people in most units of analysis are increasingly driven by causal interactions between distant places (i.e. telecouplings) (well established) {5.6.3}, thus scenarios and models that incorporate telecouplings will better inform future policy decisions. Nature and nature?s contributions to people in telecoupled systems can be affected negatively or positively by distant causal interactions. Provision of food and medicine from wild organisms in temperate and tropical grasslands, savannas and forests of South America is being dramatically reduced due to land-use changes driven by the demand of agricultural commodities (e.g. soybeans) mainly from Europe and China. Conservation of insectivorous migratory bats in Mexico benefits pest control in agroecosystems of North America, resulting in increased yields and reduced pesticide costs. Trade policies and international agreements will thus have an increasingly strong effect on environmental outcomes in telecoupled systems.6. Policy interventions have resulted in significant land use changes at the local and regional scales and will continue to do so through 2050. These policies have affected nature?s contributions to people both positively and negatively, and provide an opportunity to manage trade-offs among nature?s contributions to people (well established) {5.4}. Land use changes are now mainly driven by high crop demand, big hydropower plans, rapid urban growth and result in a continued loss of grasslands {5.4.4, 5.4.5}. However, strategies for establishing conservation units have helped in reducing deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon from the period of 2004 to 2011 (well established) {5.4.1}. Similarly, wetland protection policies and regulation have helped reduce the conversion of wetlands in North America {5.4.7}. Policies based on command and control measures may be limited in providing effective reduction in ecosystem loss and should be complemented with policies acknowledging multiple values {5.6.3}.7. Policy interventions at vastly differing scales (from national to local) lead to successful outcomes in mitigating impacts to biodiversity (established but incomplete){5.4}. For instance, long-established governmental protections of wetlands in North America have significantly slowed and may have stopped wetland loss based on acreage {5.4.7}. In South America, where mangrove loss continues at a rate of one to two per cent, different stakeholders such as local communities and/or governments have been successful in protecting mangroves based on empowerment and shared interests in their preservation {5.4.11}.8. Pressures to nature are projected to increase by 2050, negatively affecting biodiversity as indicated by a potential reduction of the mean species abundance index. However, the magnitude of the pressures by 2050 are expected to be less under transition pathways to sustainability in comparison to the business as usual scenario (established but incomplete), {5.5}. The Global Biodiversity model projected that under the business as usual scenario mean species abundance had decreased in the Americas by approximately 30 per cent by 2010 compared to its values prior to European settlement of the New World, with historical losses primarily attributed to land transformation to agricultural uses. Using the Global Biodiversity model, there is an additional projected loss of 9.6 per cent by 2050, primarily attributed to some additional land use changes , and especially to climate change, which will steadily increase relative to other drivers considered in the model. However, under the transition pathways to sustainability of global technologies, decentralised solutions, and consumption change pathways, the projected losses are 6 per cent, 5 per cent, and 5 per cent, respectively,IPBES/6/INF/4/Rev.1542achieving a relative improvement of approximately 30 per cent to 50 per cent compared to the business as usual scenario. Under these pathways, climate change mitigation, the expansion of protected areas and the recovery of abandoned lands would significantly contribute to reducing biodiversity loss.9. Participative scenarios have proven to be a successful tool for envisioning potential futures and pathways and to embrace and integrate multiple and sometime conflicting values and their role in promoting bottom-up decision making in the face of futures uncertainties (well established) {5.3}. The use of participative approaches to develop scenarios has increased during recent years in the Americas. The inclusion of different stakeholders and their knowledges in the process of constructing potential futures has promoted a better understanding of the complexity of the social-ecological systems in which they are embedded. This has enhanced co-learning processes between all actors involved, even those normally under-represented in decision-making activities. As a result, several participative scenario exercises have motivated community-based solutions and local governance initiatives all pointing towards the development of adaptive management strategies {5.3}.10. Pathways that consider changes in societal options will lead to less pressure to nature (established but incomplete) {5.6.3}. An example is the indirect impact that shifts in urban dietary preferences have on agricultural production and expansion, and food options that are expected to continue growing into the future. Therefore, not only is there a strong connection between urbanization and economic growth, but also between affluence (and urban preferences) and the global displacement of land use particularly from high-income to low-income countries.11. Available local studies informing regional futures of nature and natures benefit to people do not allow scalability as of yet (well established) {5.3}. The challenge in expanding the findings from local studies resides in the fact that a number of comparable local studies are still not available. Information is scattered throughout the region by the use of different units, methods and scales, which prevents a local-to-regional generalization. The list of nature indicators used in studies at local scales is large and heterogeneous (well established). Even for the same indicator (e.g. biodiversity), different metrics are used (e.g. species-area curve, mean species abundance) {5.5}. In other cases, multiple indicators are used to describe different aspects of biodiversity and ecosystem services. In this latter case, synergies and trade-offs are explicitly mentioned with a clear pattern in which increasing the provision of some indicators result in the detriment of others {5.3}. For example, agriculture expansion leading to loss in biodiversity illustrates a common trend from local studies expected to continue into the future.12. There is a significant research gap in the development of models and scenarios that integrate drivers, nature, natures contributions to people and good quality of life (well established){5.3}. Models and scenarios can be powerful tools to integrate and synthesize the complex dynamics of coupled human and nature systems, and to project their plausible behaviors into the future. Most existing models and scenarios focus on the link between drivers and its impacts on nature. Few cases exist in which models or scenarios integrate the relationships between changes in nature and changes in natures contributions to people and good quality of life {5.3}. Inter-and trans-disciplinary modeling efforts will be required to address this research gap {5.3}.Fil: Klatt, Brian. Michigan State University; Estados UnidosFil: Ometto, Jean Pierre. National Institute For Space Research; BrasilFil: García Marquez, Jaime. Universität zu Berlin; AlemaniaFil: Baptiste, María Piedad. Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt; ColombiaFil: Instituto Alexander von Humboldt. Independent Consultant; CanadáFil: Acebey, Sandra Verónica. No especifíca;Fil: Guezala, María Claudia. Inter-american Institute For Global Change Research; PerúFil: Mastrangelo, Matias Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pengue, Walter Alberto. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento; ArgentinaFil: Blanco, Mariela Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales; ArgentinaFil: Gadda, Tatiana. Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná; BrasilFil: Ramírez, Wilson. Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt; ColombiaFil: Agard, John. University Of West Indies; Trinidad y TobagoFil: Valle, Mireia. Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí; Ecuado