Chemical composition of Moringa oleifera ethyl acetate fraction and its biological activity in diabetic human dermal fibroblasts

Background: Moringa oleifera (MO), commonly known as the drumstick tree, is used in folklore medicine for the treatment of skin disease. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of MO leaves for in vitro antibacterial, antioxidant, and wound healing activities and conduct gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity was evaluated against six Gram-positive bacteria and 10 Gram-negative bacteria by disc diffusion method. Free radical scavenging activity was assessed by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical hydrogen peroxide scavenging and total phenolic content (TPC). Wound healing efficiency was studied using cell viability, proliferation, and scratch assays in diabetic human dermal fibroblast (HDF-D) cells. Results: The EtOAc fraction showed moderate activity against all bacterial strains tested, and the maximum inhibition zone was observed against Streptococcus pyogenes (30 mm in diameter). The fraction showed higher sensitivity to Gram-positive strains than Gram-negative strains. In the quantitative analysis of antioxidant content, the EtOAc fraction was found to have a TPC of 65.81 ± 0.01. The DPPH scavenging activity and the hydrogen peroxide assay were correlated with the TPC value, with IC50values of 18.21 ± 0.06 and 59.22 ± 0.04, respectively. The wound healing experiment revealed a significant enhancement of cell proliferation and migration of HDF-D cells. GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of 17 bioactive constituents that may be the principal factors in the significant antibacterial, antioxidant, and wound healing activity. Conclusion: The EtOAc fraction of MO leaves possesses remarkable wound healing properties, which can be attributed to the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the fraction.Summary: Moringa oleifera (MO) leaf ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction possesses antibacterial activities toward Gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram-negative bacteria such as Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhimuriumMO leaf EtOAc fraction contained the phenolic content of 65.81 ± 0.01 and flavonoid content of 37.1 ± 0.03, respectively. In addition, the fraction contained 17 bioactive constituents associated with the antibacterial, antioxidant, and wound healing properties that were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysisMO leaf EtOAc fraction supports wound closure rate about 80% for treatments when compared with control group

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of condensed tannins from Leucaena leucocephala hybrid-Rendang

Condensed tannins (CTs) are one of the promising compounds due to their potentially health-promoting qualities. In this study, CTs were extracted from a Leucaena leucocephala hybrid-Rendang and subjected to various biological studies including antioxidant (using Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay), anti-microbial (against different pathogens) and cytotoxic activities (toward human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), human colon carcinoma (HT29), human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) and human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines) in cancer cells through in vitro experiments. The structural characteristics and purity of CTs extract were determined using 13C NMR. The results showed that CTs exhibited higher in vitro antioxidant activities (2257.12 ± 80.55 mg TEAC/g extract, 605.3 ± 1.82 mg TEAC/g extract and 1014.03 ± 1.20 mg TEAC/g extract in FRAP, ABTS and DPPH assay, respectively) and demonstrated anti-microbial activities toward selected Gram's positive and Gram's negative bacteria tested with MIC and MBC value at 6.25–50 mg/mL. Furthermore, among other selected cancer cells, CTs also demonstrated cytotoxic activity toward human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) (IC50 = 38.33 ± 2.08 μg/mL). Characteristic of apoptosis such as cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation and apoptotic bodies were shown in MCF-7. These preliminary investigations have provided scientific rationale to use CTs as an alternative therapy for various oxidative and inflammatory associated diseases

Effect of thermal treatment on physical properties of Malaysian dolomitic limestone

Thermal treatment of dolomite powder from Kangar (northern region of Malaysia) was carried out at temperatures ranging from 400–800 °C. The modifications that dolomite undergoes during thermal treatment have been investigated using X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD). Additionally, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to discuss the results (FESEM). The XRD data, analysed using the X’Pert Highscore Plus application, revealed that as the heat treatment temperature was increased, the crystallinity degree and crystallite size decreased progressively. XRD analysis revealed that the samples are highly crystalline, consisting of two major phases: dolomite and calcium carbonate. After thermal treatment at 800 °C, the major phase of dolomite vanished, revealing a higher Ca(OH)2 content. FTIR spectral analysis determined that the primary component of dolomite is a carbonate mineral and that the primary characteristic bands of dolomite are located between 872 and 876 cm-1. FESEM analysis revealed the presence of discrete grains with preferential orientation, whereas post-thermal treatment completely destroyed the dolomite's original particle shape, resulting in the formation of smaller spherical particles consistent with the XRD data. The findings may pave the way for a better understanding of the phenomena that occur during dolomite thermal treatment, the changes in their physical properties, and their potential applications in a variety of bio-related commercial industries

Metabolic variations in seaweed, sargassum polycystum samples subjected to different drying methods via 1H-NMR-based metabolomics and their bio- activity in diverse solvent extracts

Seaweeds are known as excellent sources of unique bioactive metabolites. In the present study, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) combined with principal component analysis (PCA) was used to distinguish the metabolic variations in Brown seaweed, Sargassum polycystum treated under different drying processes. The study also evaluated the phytochemistry, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects of S. polycystum extracted in different solvents. Mutually under the different drying processes investigated, a total of 12 metabolites were identified from 1H NMR analysis. Freeze drying emerged as the most efficient process that preserved most of the potentially beneficial metabolites in the samples. The results of the qualitative phytochemical screening of differentially dried S. polycystum extracts revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites. The 70% ethanol extract exhibited the highest total phenolic (627 ± 50.81 mg GAE/100 g dried samples) and also displayed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (61.4 ± 0.171%) at the highest concentration (3 mg ml−1) tested. Methanol extract on the other hand contained the highest total antioxidant capacity (121.00 ± 0.003 mmol/g) followed by 70% ethanol extract (120.00 ± 0.001 mmol/g) at concentration of 1.25 mg/mL. The 70% ethanol extract also showed inhibition zone towards all bacteria samples tested compared to others solvent extracts. Based on these results, the identification of metabolites variations using PCA is considered as very useful procedure as a basis to recommend the most efficient processing (drying) method. The potential utilization of the tested Brown seaweed S. polycystum species as a source of antioxidants and antibacterial agents were also highlighted. The commercial cultivation of the species therefore, needs to be encouraged and promoted

Optimization of ionic liquid-based aqueous two-phase system for partial purification of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance from Enterococcus faecium CC2 and its inhibitory activity against Streptococcus mutans

Background: Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) demonstrates potent inhibitory effect against oral pathogens. To apply in oral care products, high purity of BLIS is required in view of the safety and effectiveness in the application. Therefore, aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) are introduced for the recovery and purification of BLIS. Methods: The optimization of ionic liquid-based ATPS (ILATPS) for the purification of BLIS from Enterococcus faecium CC2 was performed using response surface methodology (RSM). The partially purified BLIS was then identified, and the inhibitory effect against Streptococcus mutans UKMCC1019 was assessed. Significant Findings: ILATPS with a pH of 7 at a temperature of 40 °C, comprising of 10 % (w/w) fermentation broth, 15 % (w/w) 1‑butyl‑3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, (Bmim)BF4, 12.5 % (w/w) sodium citrate and 3 % (w/w) sodium chloride, resulted in the optimum purification factor of 4.406, recovery yield of 67.213 % and partition coefficient of 4.852. The BLIS was identified as enterocin CC2, with a molecular size of approximately 5.5–6 kDa. Furthermore, the partially purified BLIS at a concentration of 1.00 mg/mL demonstrated effective growth inhibition against S. mutans UKMCC1019. The ILATPS was shown to be a potential technology to enhance the purity of BLIS from E. faecium CC2