Structural and Antihypertensive Properties of Enzymatic Hemp Seed Protein Hydrolysates

The aim of this work was to produce antihypertensive protein hydrolysates through different forms of enzymatic hydrolysis (2% pepsin, 4% pepsin, 1% alcalase, 2% alcalase, 2% papain, and 2% pepsin + pancreatin) of hemp seed proteins (HSP). The hemp seed protein hydrolysates (HPHs) were tested for in vitro inhibitions of renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), two of the enzymes that regulate human blood pressure. The HPHs were then administered orally (200 mg/kg body weight) to spontaneously hypertensive rats and systolic blood pressure (SBP)-lowering effects measured over a 24 h period. Size exclusion chromatography mainly showed a 300–9560 Da peptide size range for the HPHs, while amino acid composition data had the 2% pepsin HPH with the highest cysteine content. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed higher fluorescence intensities for the peptides when compared to the unhydrolyzed hemp seed protein. Overall, the 1% alcalase HPH was the most effective (p < 0.05) SBP-reducing agent (−32.5 ± 0.7 mmHg after 4 h), while the pepsin HPHs produced longer-lasting effects (−23.0 ± 1.4 mmHg after 24 h). We conclude that an optimized combination of the fast-acting HPH (1% alcalase) with the longer-lasting HPHs (2% and 4% pepsin) could provide daily effective SBP reductions

Influence of Moringa oleiferea Seed Meal and Yam Blend in Body Weight and Glucose Level of Alloxan Induced Diabetes Mellitus Male Albino Rats

The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of Moringa oleifrea seed meal and yam blend in body weight and glucose level of alloxan - induced diabetes mellitus in male albino rats.  The animal study was carried out at the animal house of 5 Department of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology of the College of Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi Benue State. Three yam varieties namely Dioscorea alata, cayennesis, rotundata and Moringa oleifera were sourced at Wurukum Market Makurdi Benue State Nigeria. Moringa oleifera seed was deposited at the herbarium for identification. The yam varieties were processed into flour and Moringa oleifera seeds were processed into seed meal. The moringa seed meal and yam flour were formulated into animal feed at 90% (yam / moringa seed meal blend) and 10% (rat chow); to produce  Dioscorea alata control (100%) at 90% + 10% commercial feed , DA90%MRGA10% at (90%) +10%commercial feed, Dioscorea rotundata control (100%) at 90+10% commercial feed, DR 90% MRGA10%, at (90%) +10%commercial feed, Dioscorea cyennesis control (100%) at 90% + 10% commercial. DC 90% MRGA10% at (90%) +10%commercial feed, Moringa seed meal (100%) at 90% + 10% commercial feed, and 100% commercial feed.  Both GRP8 (non -diabetic group) and GRP 9 (diabetic untreated group), were feed with rat Chow. This was used for the treatment of 45 male albino rats that were acclimatized for two weeks. The animals were grouped into nine groups and each group contains 5 rats.  They were later induced with diabetic with alloxan monohydrate, at 60 mg/kg body weight in 0.05M citrate, pH 4.5. The result generated illustrated that there was a significant increase (p≥0, 05) in the body weight of the animals in GRP1 to GRP8 which are diabetic treated animal. Animals in GRP8 were not diabetic. The glucose level of the animals in GRP1 to GRP7 increases from 48 hrs having been confirmed diabetic with blood glucose level of 197.00±12.44 to 205.50±81.37. However, the animals in Grp9 which are the diabetic untreated animals has a constant significant decreased in the body weight from the period under investigation which value decreases from 103.80a±9.12 to 78.40e±4.6 at the end of the study. The glucose level increased significantly from baseline to wk 4 (105.20±6.4 to 244.40±54

Kinetics of the inhibition of renin and angiotensin I-converting enzyme by cod (Gadus morhua) protein hydrolysates and their antihypertensive effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Background: Cod muscle has a balanced protein profile that contains potentially bioactive amino acid sequences. However, there is limited information on release of these peptides from the parent proteins and their ability to modulate mammalian blood pressure. Objective: The aim of this study was to generate cod antihypertensive peptides with potent in vitro inhibitory effects against angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and renin. The most active peptides were then tested for systolic blood pressure (SBP)-reducing ability in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Design: Cod protein hydrolysate (CPH) was produced by subjecting the muscle proteins to proteolysis first by pepsin and followed by trypsin+chymotrypsin combination. In order to enhance peptide activity, the CPH was subjected to reverse-phase (RP)-HPLC separation to yield four fractions (CF1, CF2, CF3, and CF4). The CPH and RP-HPLC fractions were each tested at 1 mg/mL for ability to inhibit in vitro ACE and renin activities. CPH and the most active RP-HPLC fraction (CF3) were then used for enzyme inhibition kinetics assays followed by oral administration (200 and 30 mg/kg body weight for CPH and CF3, respectively) to SHRs and SBP measurements within 24 h. Results: The CPH, CF3, and CF4 had similar ACE-inhibitory activities of 84, 85, and 87%, which were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the values for CF1 (69%) and CF2 (79%). Conversely, the CF3 had the highest (63%) renin-inhibitory activity (p<0.05) when compared to CPH (43%), CF1 (15%), and CF4 (44%). CPH and CF3 exhibited uncompetitive mode of ACE inhibition, whereas renin inhibition was non-competitive. Even at a 6.7-fold lower dosage, the CF3 significantly (p<0.05) reduced SBP (maximum −40.0 mmHg) better than CPH (maximum −19.1 mmHg). Conclusions: RP-HPLC fractionation led to enhanced antihypertensive effects of cod peptides, which may be due to a stronger renin-inhibitory activity

Yam and Moringa oliefera Seed Blend in Lipid Profile Disorders, Kidney and Liver Toxicities, in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

Background and Aim: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and very prevalent metabolic disease condition characterized by the abnormally high blood sugar level that eventually gives rise to diabetic complications affecting human and animals. Insulin deficiency increases free fatty acid influx and triglyceride levels into the blood, with reciprocal decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level. Numerous plants have in the past been screened for antidiabetic effects. Plants with medicinal property had served as anti-diabetic In this study; three yam varieties namely Dioscorea alata, Dioscorea cayennessis and Dioscorea rotundata sourced from Wuruku Market, Benue State Nigeria were evaluated for possible anti-diabetic effects. Methods: The collected Moringa seeds were processed into flour. Moringa oleifera seed 45 male albino rats assigned into 9 groups of 5 rats each were used for the study. Eight groups were induced with alloxan monohydrate and were confirmed to be diabetic after two days before treatment with Dioscorea alata control (100%) at 90% + 10% commercial feed, DA90%MRGA10% at (90%) +10% commercial feed, Dioscorea rotundata control (100%) at 90+10% commercial feed, DR90%MRGA10%, at (90%) +10% commercial feed, Dioscorea cayennesis control (100%) at 90% + 10% commercial. DC90%MRGA10% at (90%) +10%commercial feed, Moringa seed meal (100%) at 90% + 10% commercial feed, and 100% commercial feed. Both GRP8 (non-diabetic group) and GRP 9 (diabetic untreated group), were feed with rat Chow only. At the end of 28dys, the rats were sacrificed and the kidney, liver toxicities and lipid profile disorders were all investigated. Results: Result generated showed that diabetes caused liver, kidney toxicity and lipid disorder as evidence in the diabetic untreated groups (GRP9).Groups that received yam/moringa seed meal had significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05) triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (Chol), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and VLDL and Serum Liver level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Total protein, Albumin, Creatinine and Urea when compared with diabetic untreated group. Conclusion: A combination of Moringa seed flour and some yam species may be of value in the management of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications

A Novel Hemp Seed Meal Protein Hydrolysate Reduces Oxidative Stress Factors in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

This report shows the antioxidant effects of a hemp seed meal protein hydrolysate (HMH) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Defatted hemp seed meal was hydrolyzed consecutively with pepsin and pancreatin to yield HMH, which was incorporated into rat feed as a source of antioxidant peptides. Young (8-week old) SHRs were divided into three groups (8 rats/group) and fed diets that contained 0.0%, 0.5% or 1.0% (w/w) HMH for eight weeks; half of the rats were sacrificed for blood collection. After a 4-week washout period, the remaining 20-week old SHRs were fed for an additional four weeks and sacrificed for blood collection. Plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total peroxides (TPx) levels were determined. Results showed that plasma TAC, CAT and SOD levels decreased in the older 20-week old SHRs when compared to the young SHRs. The presence of HMH in the diets led to significant (p &lt; 0.05) increases in plasma SOD and CAT levels in both young and adult SHR groups; these increases were accompanied by decreases in TPx levels. The results suggest that HMH contained antioxidant peptides that reduced the rate of lipid peroxidation in SHRs with enhanced antioxidant enzyme levels and total antioxidant capacity