Physico-chemical Characteristics Of Ethanol–diesel Blend Fuel

In this research we are discussing the physicochemical characteristics of sweet diesel after desulphurization alone and also these characteristics are tested with the adding of high purity HPLC ethanol (99.9%). Those fuel properties of ethanol blended with diesel were experimentally determined to find their stability and to increase their properties and efficiency in the diesel engines. First, we made 4 blends of diesel with ethanol and the fifth sample was pure diesel. The samples were 0% ethanol and 100 % diesel, the second sample was 5% ethanol and 95 % diesel, the third sample was 10 % ethanol and 90% diesel, the fourth sample was 15 % ethanol and 85 % diesel and the fifth and last sample was 20 % ethanol and 80 % diesel. The physicochemical characteristics of the diesel ethanol blends were determined by the following experiments (cetane number, ASTM distillation, flash point, pour point, kinematic viscosity, ASTM density and calorific value). the aim of this research is to obtain an optimum blend of diesel ethanol fuel to help in improving the diesel engines and to lower the emission in the engine and the exhaust gases produced in the engines. This blend we obtained in this research was done to meet the EURO 5 standards and regulations, also to help to make an economic improvement in the industry of diesel in Egypt and in the world. The diesel ethanol blend was to be an effective fuel as we will see in the different tests and ASTM methods. Many tests and experiments done during this research project and the obtained results were similar to the EURO 5 standard emissions regulation

High Octane Number Gasoline-ether Blend

Gasoline produced in Egypt is a low-grade gasoline that contains high concentration of harmful components that are having a toll on our environment. In addition, those pollutants cause countless diseases and deaths annually to the Egyptian population. This paper targets two main sectors in the production of commercial gasoline. The improvement engine efficiency through the upgrading of octane number is first experimented by using a blend stock that ranges from gasoline fractions and Isomerates. An optimum was then chosen depending on the results obtained from different tests. Through those experiments, it was determined which samples obeyed the EU regulation for transportation emissions. Having an excellent gasoline with a high-octane number but produced large quantities of harmful emissions was unacceptable. This leads to the section aim of this research, which was to produce an environmental gasoline. This meant that once the gasoline sample is combusted, it should produce limited amounts of emissions such as 1% benzene since benzene is carcinogenic. A sample with euro 3 specification was produced and showed excellent gasoline properties such as an RON value of around 95 without the use of octane enhancers. A second sample showed better results satisfied euro 5 regulations and produced an even higher-octane number than the euro 3 sample. This sample was the optimum environmental ETBE-gasoline high octane number blend. By understanding the composition of those samples, maximum yield of commercial gasoline could be produced. This would also lead to the reduction of pollutants in the environment. Completing this task with successful results means that this environmental high octane number gasoline could be produced and used in Egypt. Such blends should be produced on a large scale by exercising euro 3 and/or 5 regulations

High Octane Number Gasoline_Ether Blend

Gasoline produced in Egypt is a low-grade gasoline that contains high concentration of harmful components that are having a toll on our environment. In addition, those pollutants cause countless diseases and deaths annually to the Egyptian population. This paper targets two main sectors in the production of commercial gasoline. The improvement engine efficiency through the upgrading of octane number is first experimented by using a blendstock that ranges from gasoline fractions and Isomerates. An optimum was then chosen depending on the results obtained from different tests. Through those experiments, it was determined which samples obeyed the EU regulation for transportation emissions. Having an excellent gasoline with a high octane number but produced large quantities of harmful emissions was unacceptable. This leads to the section aim of this research, which was to produce an environmental gasoline. This meant that once the gasoline sample is combusted, it should produce limited amounts of emissions such as 1% benzene since benzene is carcinogenic

Utilization of Selected Nanoparticles (Ag₂O and MnO₂) for the Production of High-Quality and Environmental-Friendly Gasoline

Nowadays, the devastating effects of the pollutants produced by gasoline are known well. As a result, scientists are looking for a better formula to replace the gasoline currently in use. Using different additives has been one of the strategies developed throughout the years. However, because certain compounds damage the environment and human life, researchers must now choose which additives to use. The primary goal of this work is to test a gasoline combination with nano-additives Ag2O and MnO2 in a 4-stroke vehicle engine (Fiat 128) and to investigate the influence of novel mixes on the efficiency of combustion rates and the amount of target pollutant gas released (CO, NOx, and the exhaust temperature). The tests were carried out at three different engine speeds: 2000, 2500, and 2900 rpm. At the end of the test, the 0.05% concentration of Ag2O nano-additive was chosen as the best sample, which increases engine performance in gasoline combustion rates and minimizes harmful gas emissions. Furthermore, CO and NOx emissions were lowered by 52% and 35%, respectively, according to EURO 6, indicating a considerable reduction in mortality rates and costs. Finally, a new mechanism was observed using Ag2O nanoparticles, leading to a reduction in CO and CO2 at the same time

Influence of Nanoparticles on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions

TiO2 and CuO nanoparticles are investigated as potential additives to diesel fuel to reduce emissions and enhance engine performance. Various concentrations of nanofuels are examined under different loads to accurately determine their influence in combustion process. The measured emissions are CO, CO2, NO, O2, unburned HC meanwhile the mechanical parameters are BSFC, brake power, RPM, thermal efficiency and exhaust temperature. It is worth mentioning that the experimental work was conducted on two conditions; cold start and hot start

Extended Natural Gas Characterization Method for Improved Predictions of Freeze-Out in LNG Production

The formation and the blockage of plant equipment such as heat exchangers by heavy hydrocarbon (HHC) solids is an inherent risk in cryogenic natural gas processing. The accuracy of the gas mixture’s compositional characterization significantly impacts the reliability of solid formaiton temperature predictions. Recently, we showed that complete characterization of the mixture is necessary to obtain accurate predictions of the melting temperature, as current methods based on pseudocomponent characterizations of HHCs are inadequate. Here, we present an improved method of characterizing HHCs that represents each pseudocomponent up to C14+ by a paraffinic, isoparaffinic, naphthenic and aromatic (PINA) composition and allocates an associated defined component to represent these sub-fractions. This new, extended PINA-based characterization of HHC pseudocomponents is derived from 46 different pipeline natural gas samples, and the method is validated against three representative gas samples that were fully characterized. The melting temperatures of the three gas samples based on their full characterizations are 263.2 K (14.1 °F), 260.1 K (8.5 °F) and 248.3 K (−12.8 °F), respectively. Predictions made with the new method match these within (1 to 2) K, while previous correlation methods under-predict them by (10 to 20) K. The improved performance arises from (1) the selection of suitable discrete components to represent each PINA fraction within a pseudocomponent, (2) the more representative distribution of PINA fractions as a function of carbon number, and (3) the use of discrete components to represent the pseudocomponent’s thermodynamic properties in both the fluid and solid phases. These results show how the new characterization method can reliably predict HHC freeze-out conditions, particularly when a full compositional analysis is unavailable. Future research should aim to test the new method on natural gas samples from regions other than the US Gulf Coast

Effect Of Using Nanoparticle-based Diesel Fuel On Enhancement Of Performance And Emissions Of Diesel Engines

Background: The current research work reports an investigation of the effects of em-ploying CuO and TiO2 nanoparticles as potential additives to refinery (petroleum) diesel fuel, in order to reduce the emissions of combustion process as well as to enhance the combustion process. Methods: Nanodiesel samples were prepared with various concentrations (50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm). The experimental work was conducted using a four stroke diesel engine with a single cylinder at various loads in order to accurately determine the influence of nanoparticles on combustion process. The experimental readings were measured at two conditions, cold start and hot start relative to the engine. Results: It was clearly observed that the nanodiesel fuels have significantly reduced CO, CO2, NO, unburned HC, and enhanced the engine performance. According to the experimental results the 100 ppm TiO2 and 200 ppm CuO nanodiesel have showed almost the highest performance and lowest emissions comparable to neat diesel fuel and other nanodiesel samples. Owing to 100 ppm TiO2 on hot start conditions, it was found that the CO, CO2, NO, unburnt HC, exhaust temperature, and BSFC have been reduced by 41.4%, 37 %, 38.3%, 81%, 4.9%, and 20.5% respectively at maximum load. Meanwhile, the brake power, RPM and thermal efficiency have increased by 1.5%, 1% and 2.65% respectively. Conclusion: Eventually the stability of nanodiesel fuels were investigated. Accordingly, the stability of 100 ppm TiO2 and for 200 ppm CuO are 7 days and 3 days

The Influence of Nanoparticles on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions

In this research, we report a scientific investigation of the effects of employing CuO and TiO2 nanoparticles as potential additives to refinery diesel fuel, in order to reduce the emissions of combustion process as well as to enhance the combustion process. Nanodiesel samples were prepared with various concentrations (50, 100, 200, 300 ppm). The experimental work was conducted using a four-stroke diesel engine with a single cylinder at various loads in order to accurately determine the influence of nanoparticles on combustion process. The experimental readings were measured at two conditions, cold start and hot start, 80relative to the engine. It was clearly observed that the nanodiesel fuels have significantly reduced CO, CO2, NO, unburned HC, and enhanced the engine performance. According to the experimental results, the 100 ppm TiO2 and 200 ppm CuO nanodiesel have shown almost the highest performance and lowest emissions comparable with neat diesel fuel and other nanodiesel samples. Owing to 100 ppm TiO2 on hot start conditions, it is found that the CO, CO2, NO, unburnt HC, exhaust temperature, and BSFC have been reduced by 41.4%, 37%, 38.3%, 81%, 4.9%, and 20.5%, respectively, at maximum load. Meanwhile, the brake power, RPM, and thermal efficiency have increased by 1.5%, 1%, and 2.65%, respectively. Regarding 200 ppm CuO on hot start conditions, it was found that CO, NO, unburned HC, exhaust temperature, fuel consumption, and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) have been reduced by 42.6%, 22%, 33%, 7.4%, 2.7%, and 27.3%, respectively, meanwhile, CO2, brake power, RPM, and thermal efficiency have increased by 9%, 1.5%, 0.09%, and 3.8%, respectively, at maximum load. One of the most important aspects of this experimental work is that the two samples of 100 ppm TiO2 and 200 ppm of CuO nanodiesel fuel have reduced the CO emissions to an even lower value than that approved in Stage V for Euro standard emissions for nonroad mobile machinery. According to Euro standard stage (V), the CO emissions have been limited to 8 g/kW, whereas the 100 ppm TiO2 and 200 ppm CuO nanodiesel fuel provide 7.112 g/kW h and 6.918 g/kW h, respectively. Another prospect of the experimental work is the reduction of fuel consumption provided by the nanodiesel fuel. It was observed that the 100 ppm TiO2 sample has reduced fuel consumption by 20.5% compared with the neat diesel fuel, which is expected to positively influence the transportation sector

Antioxidant, Anti-Cancer Activity and Phytochemicals Profiling of <i>Kigelia pinnata</i> Fruits

Over the past few years, research studies on the therapeutic benefits of medicinal plants with potent antioxidant activity and few side effects have grown significantly. This has sparked interest in determining whether naturally occurring antioxidants could take the place of synthetic antioxidants, which are currently being constricted because of their toxic and carcinogenic properties. The identification and quantification of phytochemicals in the methanolic extract of Kigelia pinnata fruits was measured using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) techniques. Additionally, the methanolic extract of fruits was used to determine antioxidant activity. Free radical-scavenging (DPPH) and ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power were measured using spectrophotometry, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was compared with two common antioxidants, vitamin C and α-tocopherol. Moreover, mature fruits have high DDPH, ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power and total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, mature fruits have high levels of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content; these compounds are thought to be the sources of the antioxidant activity. The major constituents of the methanolic extracts from the mature fruits of K. pinnata were found to be larixinic acid, 3,5-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one (DMDP), and 5-Hydrxoymethylfurfural. We performed the elemental analysis of the whole fruit. Huh-7 (liver cancer), PANC-1 (pancreatic cancer), Colo-205 (colorectal cancer), HT-29 (colorectal cancer), SNU-16 (gastric carcinoma), SW620 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) and HCT116 (colon carcinoma) were tested in vitro for anticancer activity. Both methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of mature fruits had a positive effect on all cancer cell lines as compared to the doxorubicin drug. In addition, the methanolic extracts of mature fruits showed more potent cytotoxic effects than the ethyl acetate extracts. Moreover, the most pronounced cytotoxic effects of the methanolic extract were detected in SW620 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), with an IC50 value of 6.79 μg/mL, SNU-16 (gastric carcinoma), with and IC50 value of 8.69 μg/ ml, and in PANC-1 (pancreatic cancer) with an IC50 value of 10.34 μg/mL. Moreover, the results show that the water, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of mature fruits have antioxidant capacity, ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power, DPPH scavenging activity and also anticancer activity. Therefore, the present study suggests that the phytochemical profiles of mature fruits of K. pinnata may be used as potential natural antioxidants and anti-cancer cell lines