A technical survey on using oxyhydrogen with biodiesel/diesel blend for homogeneous charge compression ignition engine

Renewable energy should be used instead of fossil fuels owing to the negative impact of fossil fuels on both humans and the environment, as well as the toxic emissions of carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxide. Studies investigated the consideration of using alternative fuel that is renewable, sustainable, and eco-friendly, especially because of the huge demand for energy, the decline, and the environmental initiatives to decrease the usage of petroleum sources. The addition of oxyhydrogen [HHO] to biodiesel and diesel blends can enhance characteristics; however, there is a concern about raising nitrogen oxide levels, which can have negative impacts on human lives and the environment, contributing to the increase of chronic respiratory conditions, acid rain occurrences, and global warming. Hence, it has been proposed that these issues can potentially be resolved by employing a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fueled by a mixture of oxyhydrogen gas and biodiesel/diesel fuel to reduce nitrogen oxide until it is negligible. Recent research efforts have discussed the combination of oxyhydrogen gas with biodiesel and diesel blends in an HCCI engine. These studies were performed to obtain the characteristics that result in an improvement in the values of performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency [BTE], brake specific fuel consumption [BSFC], exhaust gas temperature [EGT or Texh.], and volumetric efficiency [ηvol.]. Furthermore, combustion parameters that include peak cylinder pressure [PCP], heat release rate [HRR], mean gas temperature [MGT], ignition delay [ID], and combustion duration [CD] were observed. In addition, exhaust emissions parameters such as nitrogen oxide [NOx], carbon monoxide [CO], unburned hydrocarbon [UHC or HC], carbon dioxide [CO2], exhaust oxygen [EO] or oxygen rate [O2], and smoke opacity [soot] were measured

Exploring the Influence of Various Factors, Including Initial Temperatures, Equivalence Ratios, and Different Biodiesel/Diesel Blend Ratios, on Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Combustion

This paper discusses the impact of three study cases that change with different values: the first case is four initial temperature values [313, 323, 333, and 343 K], the second case is three equivalence ratios [0.2, 0.3, and 0.4], and the third case uses various concentrations of biodiesel and diesel mixes [D100, B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100]. The purpose is to use the Chemkin software program to determine the effectiveness of each case in the HCCI combustion process. The results included cylinder pressure, cylinder temperature, accumulated gas phase heat release, heat loss rate, UHC, and mole fractions of O2, CO, CO2, diesel [NC7H16] and biodiesel [C5H10O2]. the conclusion that biodiesel blends enhance the characteristics of the HCCI engine as compared to conventional diesel

Chemical Kinetic Investigation: Exploring the Impact of Various Concentrations of HHO Gas with a 40% Biodiesel/Diesel Blend on HCCI Combustion

This study uses the Chemkin software program to evaluate the effect of different quantities of oxyhydrogen gas [HHO] added to 40% biodiesel and diesel mix [B40], including B40, B40+5HHO, B40+10HHO, and B40+15HHO, on the HCCI combustion process\u27s efficiency. The information collected includes cylinder pressure, cylinder temperature, accumulated gas phase heat release, heat loss rate, UHC, and mole fractions of O2, CO, CO2, diesel [NC7H16], biodiesel [C5H10O2], and oxyhydrogen [H2O]. The finding is that, when compared to a blend of biodiesel and diesel, using oxyhydrogen in the biodiesel/diesel mix boosts the properties of the HCCI engine

The influence of using HHO with sunflower and soybean oil biodiesel/diesel blend on PCCI engine characteristics

This research studies the influence of various blends of sunflower and soybean oil biodiesel with diesel fuel on premixed charge compression engine characteristics, including performance and exhaust emissions, and also investigates the impact caused by oxyhydrogen gas addition on them. The experiments were carried out on a single cylinder PCCI engine which utilizing eight blends of the fuels. Conventional diesel, B20D80, B40D60, B60D40, B80D20, B40D60 + 5 LPM HHO, B40D60 + 10 LPM HHO, and B40D60 + 15 LPM HHO have been used to obtain performance and exhaust emissions characteristics. The hydrogen peroxide additive has introduced into the engine manifold while the diesel/biodiesel fuel blends have been injected directly into the engine cylinder. The results of the studies showed that adding a 40% biodiesel and 60% diesel blend to oxyhydrogen with flow rates of 15 LPM improved the performance characteristics as well as lower exhaust emissions characteristics when compared to the other seven blends. In contrast, conventional diesel had much higher exhaust emissions parameters

NANO-CHARACTERIZATION OF TYPE-G CEMENT SLURRY INCORPORATING NANOCLAY CURED UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

Abstract: Type-G cement slurry with various admixtures commonly used in oil/gas well cementing (OWC) incorporating 1, 2 and 3% nanoclay particles by weight of cement were produced. A water/cement ratio of 0.44 was used and the mixes were subjected to a temperature of 290° F and a pressure of 4666 psi for 48 hours. First, the effect of nanoclay on compressive strength evolution was investigated. Second elastic and viscoelastic characteristics of the cementitious mixes were characterized using nanoindentation. The nanoindentation tests enabled evaluating the maximum indentation depth, plastic depth, and the reduced elastic modulus. Furthermore, dwell time of 60 seconds was used to evaluate creep compliance of the cement mixes incorporating nanoclay. Fracture toughness was estimated from the nanoindentation data during the dwell loading period. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) microstructural analyses were conducted to explain the results observed using nanoindentation. Furthermore, finite element modeling was used to simulate the nanoindentation test and to extract the stress-strain Type-G cement material incorporating nanoclay and cured under high temperature and pressure. Moreover, The experimental observations showed that nanoclay improved compressive strength evolution with time compared with neat cement and eliminated strength retrogression problem. Furthermore, using 1 and 2% nanoclay resulted in insignificant change (-28 to +12%) of the reduced elastic modulus compared with neat cement. However, a high content of 3% nanoclay resulted in a significant increase of (+54%) in the reduced elastic modulus and a significant reduction in creep compliance compared with neat cement. Fracture analysis of nanoindentation data showed a significant improvement of fracture toughness due to the addition of nanoclay. XRD analysis and SEM investigations proved that the incorporation of nanoclay in the cement mix transforms the Calcium Hydroxide (CH) to calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and reduced capillary porosity leading to higher elastic modulus and reduced creep compliance compared with neat cement. Finally, the extracted stress-strain curves using the finite element method shows that adding nanoclay resulted in stiffening OWC paste. The significance of nanoclay seems strongly dependent on the nanoclay content and the quality of its mixing with cement

Data on the fabrication of hybrid calix [4]arene-modified natural bentonite clay for efficient selective removal of toxic metals from wastewater at room temperature

Fresh water resources on the earth are less than 0.2%; meanwhile, around 80% of the freshwater is consumed daily in agriculture, industries, and household activities [1–2]. There is an essential need to develop efficient adsorbents for wastewater treatment [1–6], in this regards, hereafter we present the rationale synthesis and characterization of hybrid natural bentonite clay modified with Calix [4] arene (denoted as B-S-Calix) as efficient adsorbents for toxic metals from wastewater. This is driven by the facile photo-radical thiol-yne addition among the thiolated clay and an alkynylated calix[4]arene. The morphology, surface modifications, and Thermal degradation of B, B-S, and B-S-Calix were investigated using TEM, FTIR, and TGA techniques. The adsorption performance of B, BS and B-S-Calix towards toxic metals including cadmium (II) ion [Cd (II)], zinc (II) ion [Zn(II)], lead(II) ion [Pb(II)], strontium(II) ion [Sr (II)], cobalt(II) ion [Co (II)], copper(II) ion [Cu(II)], and mercury (II) ion [Hg(II)] from wastewater were benchmarked 25 °C. These data are related to the article entitled “hybrid Clay/Calix[4]arene Calix[4]arene-clicked clay through thiol-yne addition for the molecular recognition and removal of Cd(II) from wastewater’’ [7]

Spectral, thermal, antimicrobial studies for silver(I) complexes of pyrazolone derivatives

Background: Synthesize new complexes of Ag(I) to enhance efficacy or stability and also, pharmacological activities on the operation of pyrazolone's biological properties. Results: Efficient and high yielding pathways starting from the versatile and readily available 3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone by Knoevenagel condensation of a sequence of 4-arylidene-3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone derivatives (2a-c) have been formed by the reaction of various substituted aromatic aldehydes Used as ligands to synthesize Ag(I) chelates. Synthesized compounds and their complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic and spectroscopic methods (IR, 13C, 1HNMR, mass) and thermal analysis. The spectrophotometric determinations suggest distorted octaedral geometry for all complexes. Both ligands and their metal complexes have also been tested for their antibacterial and antifungal efficacy. Conclusions: Newly synthesized compounds have shown potent antimicrobial activity. The results showed that the complex 's high activity was higher than its free ligands, and that Ag(I)-L3 had the highest activity.This research is not funded though any source to This publication was supported by Qatar University, internal grant number QUCG-CAM-20/21-2. The findings achieved herein are solely the responsibility of the authors

Caprylamidopropyl Betaine as a Highly Efficient eco-friendly Corrosion Inhibitor for API X120 Steel in 1 M H2SO4

CORROSION inhibition of API X120 steel in a 1M sulfuric acid solution at altered temperatures was investigated utilizing a new eco-friendly surfactant (Caprylamidopropyl Betaine (CAPB)) by Gravimetric and electrochemical test (containing potentiodynamic polarization (PP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Surface characterization tests containing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are utilized in the study. In addition, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were measured and discussed. The overall results displayed that the corrosion rate of API X120 steel was significantly lowered with improving the temperature. The polarization curves lead to the CAPB inhibitor is influenced both anodic and cathodic reactions (mixed type inhibitor). Analyses of the surface topography designated an appreciable decrease in the surface roughness as the dose of the inhibitor in the solution improved. Energy-dispersive X-ray and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of adsorbed nitrogen atoms on the API X 120 steel surfaces. This work provides a promising eco-friendly inhibitor for mitigating the corrosion of API X120 steel in highly acidic brine environments

Rational synthesis, characterization, and application of environmentally friendly (polymer–carbon dot) hybrid composite film for fast and efficient UV-assisted Cd²⁺ removal from water

Background: Carbon dots (CDs) are of particular interest in numerous applications. However, their efficiency for heavy metal removal from wastewater was not yet reported. Herein, we rationally synthesized CDs from petroleum coke waste via hydrothermal treatment in the presence of ammonia. Results: This drove the formation of outstanding photoluminescent, water-soluble, biocompatible, and high yield of monodispersed sub-5 nm CDs. The CDs are co-doped with high 10% of N and 0.2% of S. The as-prepared CDs possess unprecedented photoluminescent properties over broad pH range making these dots unique efficient pH sensor. Conclusions: Chitosan (CH)–CDs hybrid hydrogel nanocomposite film was further prepared as a platform membrane for the removal Cd2+ metal from wastewater. The as-prepared CH–CDs membranes show relatively good mechanical properties, based on stress resistance and flexibility to facilitate handling. The equilibrium state was reached within 5 min. Intriguingly, the UV-light illuminations enhanced the Cd2+ removal efficiency of the photoluminescent CDs substantially by four times faster under. It was found that adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity at 25 °C was found to be 112.4 mg g−1 at pH 8. This work paves the way to new applications of CDs in water treatment.[Figure not available: see fulltext.]

An efficient green ionic liquid for the corrosion inhibition of reinforcement steel in neutral and alkaline highly saline simulated concrete pore solutions

The effect of the green ionic liquid compound, Quaternium-32 (Q-32), on the corrosion inhibition performance of reinforcement steel, in a simulated concrete pore solution, was investigated at different temperatures and pH values, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The inhibition efficiency was improved as the concentration of Q-32 and pH values were increased. However, it decreased as the temperature was raised. A Q-32 concentration of 20 µmol L–1 exhibited a 94% inhibition efficiency at 20 °C. The adsorption isotherm was evaluated using EIS measurements, and it was found to obey the Langmuir isotherm. The surface topography was examined using an atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope. The effect of the Q-32 concentration with the highest corrosion efficiency on the mechanical properties of the mortars was also explained by flexure and compression techniques.The authors express their gratitude to the Center for Advanced Materials at Qatar University for technical support. Additionally, the authors are grateful to Qatar University for funding this work through the QUCG-CAM-20/21-2 Grant. The publication of this article was funded by the Qatar National Library