2 research outputs found
Biological Redox Cycling of Iron in Nontronite and Its Potential Application in Nitrate Removal
Biological redox cycling of structural
Fe in phyllosilicates is
an important but poorly understood process. The objective of this
research was to study microbially mediated redox cycles of Fe in nontronite
(NAu-2). During the reduction phase, structural FeĀ(III) in NAu-2 served
as electron acceptor, lactate as electron donor, AQDS as electron
shuttle, and dissimilatory FeĀ(III)-reducing bacterium <i>Shewanella
putrefaciens</i> CN32 as mediator in bicarbonate- and PIPES-buffered
media. During the oxidation phase, biogenic FeĀ(II) served as electron
donor and nitrate as electron acceptor. Nitrate-dependent FeĀ(II)-oxidizing
bacterium <i>Pseudogulbenkiania</i> sp. strain 2002 was
added as mediator in the same media. For all three cycles, structural
Fe in NAu-2 was able to reversibly undergo three redox cycles without
significant dissolution. FeĀ(II) in bioreduced samples occurred in
two distinct environments, at edges and in the interior of the NAu-2
structure. Nitrate reduction to nitrogen gas was coupled with oxidation
of edge-FeĀ(II) and part of interior-FeĀ(II) under both buffer conditions,
and its extent and rate did not change with Fe redox cycles. These
results suggest that biological redox cycling of structural Fe in
phyllosilicates is a reversible process and has important implications
for biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients
in natural environments
Sulfidation of Iron-Based Materials: A Review of Processes and Implications for Water Treatment and Remediation
Iron-based
materials used in water treatment and groundwater remediationīøespecially
micro- and nanosized zerovalent iron (nZVI)īøcan be more effective
when modified with lower-valent forms of sulfur (i.e., āsulfidatedā).
Controlled sulfidation for this purpose (using sulfide, dithionite,
etc.) is the main topic of this review, but insights are derived by
comparison with related and comparatively well-characterized processes
such as corrosion of iron in sulfidic waters and abiotic natural attenuation
by iron sulfide minerals. Material characterization shows that varying
sulfidation protocols (e.g., concerted or sequential) and key operational
variables (e.g., S/Fe ratio and sulfidation duration) result in materials
with structures and morphologies ranging from coreāshell to
multiphase. A meta-analysis of available kinetic data for dechlorination
under anoxic conditions, shows that sulfidation usually increases
dechlorination rates, and simultaneously hydrogen production is suppressed.
Therefore, sulfidation can greatly improve the efficiency of utilization
of reducing equivalents for contaminant removal. This benefit is most
likely due to inhibited corrosion as a result of sulfidation. Sulfidation
may also favor desirable pathways of contaminant removal, such as
(i) dechlorination by reductive elimination rather than hydrogenolysis
and (ii) sequestration of metals as sulfides that could be resistant
to reoxidation. Under oxic conditions, sulfidation is shown to enhance
heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of contaminants. These net effects
of sulfidation on contaminant removal by iron-based materials may
substantially improve their practical utility for water treatment
and remediation of contaminated groundwater