Penggunaan dan salah gunaan graf kewangan di dalam laporan tahunan

Artikel ini membincangkan kelebihan penggunaan graf bagi tujuan mengkomunikasikan maklumat kewangan.Disamping itu, ia turut membincangkan bagaimana graf boleh digunakan untuk menyimpangkan persepsi pengguna dan seterusnya menggagalkan fungsi graf sebagai satu alaat komunikasi.Sorotan karya terdahulu dan dapatan kajian oleh Shamharir, Md Suhaimi dan Nurwati Ashikkin (2000) berkenaan penggunaan dan salahgunaan graf di Malaysia juga digunakan untuk membincangkan kajian ini

The structure of Malaysian audit market: From 2008 to 2010

The purpose of this study is to provide updated knowledge and detail on the structure of Malaysian audit market in the pre and post Audit Oversight Board (AOB) establishment.This study includes all Malaysian listed companies from 2008 to 2010.The examination of audit market structure was based on rate of audit fee per unit of size, audit market concentration and individual firm's market share. The results suggest Malaysia audit market can be described as tight oligopoly and there is slight changes in the market during the period 2008 - 2010. The noted changes ore reduction of oudit supplies and the increment of audit fee. The result suggest evidence of economic of scale enjoyed by big size companies.It is interesting to note that, while Big Four are now reducing the number of audit clients, they instead are focusing on larger clients. Focusing on big size companies possibly indicates a strategic move to avoid risky clients.Ernst & Young and PricewaterhouseCoopers are the most influential among Big Four firms, meanwhile Four firms, is enlarging its market share.This study contributes to the audit market literature addressing the strategy adopted by audit firm in low litlgation risk environment.The study also examines the market power of non-Big Four firms in a developing country which is rarely investigated

Audit Market Structure, Fees and Choice following the Andersen Break-up: Evidence from the UK

This paper presents evidence on audit market concentration and auditor fee levels in the UK market in the crucial period of structural change following the PricewaterhouseCoopers' (PwC) merger and encompassing Andersen's demise (1998-2003). Given the current interest in auditor choice, analysis is also undertaken at the individual audit firm level and by industry sector. There is evidence of significant upward pressure on audit fees since 2001 but only for smaller auditees. Audit fee income for top tier auditors (Big 5/4) did not change significantly while the number of auditees fell significantly, consistent with a move towards larger, less risky, clients. Andersen's demise markedly reduced the level of inequality among the top tier firms but PwC retained its position as a 'dominant firm'. On switching to the new auditor, former Andersen clients experienced audit fee rises broadly in line with inflation, with no evidence of fee premia or discounting. They also reported significantly lower NAS fees, consistent with audit firms and auditees responding to public concerns about perceptions of auditor independence. There is no general evidence of knowledge spillover effects or cross-subsidisation of the audit fee by NAS. The combined findings provide no evidence to indicate that recent structural changes have resulted in anticompetitive pricing; the key concern remains the lack of audit firm choice

Auditor industry specialism and reporting timeliness

This study investigates whether industry specialist auditors could speed up the audit work using a sample of 873 public listed companies.The multivariate results indicate that industry specialist auditors do not statistically offer faster audit work than non-specialists.In contrast, Big Four firms do perform significant faster audits as compared to their non-Big Four counterparts. Larger companies, companies reporting profits, and financial companies are found to be associated with faster audits.Conversely, companies receiving qualified audit opinions, reporting extraordinary income, and higher in leverage, are associated with longer audit report lags

Audit delay of listed companies: A case of Malaysia

It is important to understand factors that influence audit delay since it directly affects the timeliness of financial reporting which is one of the most important qualitative attributes of financial statements (Ashton et. al., 1987; Carslaw & Kaplan, 1991; and Johnson, 1998).A number of studies have investigated audit market research including the issue surrounding audit delay within the context of developed countries. However, audit market research in the developing countries is very limited despite calls in the literature to expand the scope of market studies to those nations (see for example, Simon et al. 1992; Walker and Johnson 1996; Che-Ahmad and Houghton 1996; Taylor 1997).This study extends previous research by examining the determinants of audit delay in a developing country.Malaysia is one such country that provides a rich setting for audit market research.It seeks to provide empirical evidence concerning audit delay of Malaysian public listed companies. The findings indicated that the mean audit delay of Malaysian companies to be much longer than the delay in Western countries. The multivariate an analysis showed that director shareholdings, total assets, number of subsidiaries, type of audit firms, audit opinion and return on equity to be important determinants of audit delay.The regression results for non-banking and finance sectors were very similar.However, only director shareholding variable was found to be strongly significant in banking and finance sub-sample suggesting the importance of ownership structure in influencing audit lag in this sector.The differences in regulatory framework for both sectors could be a significant reason for the differences in the findings and warrant further research

Competition in Malaysian audit industry: what the market is telling us?

The dominance of only a few audit firms in the market is of concern due to the possibility of market abuse and subsequently poor quality of audit work.While many studies of market structure have focused mainly on developed and efficient capital markets, fewer have studied the issue in emerging markets such as Malaysia.This paper highlights the structure of Malaysian audit market and assesses the level of market competition. The results suggest that the Malaysian audit market is of oligopoly type, with the top 10 audit firms dominating more than 91 percent of the market. Interestingly, there is also evidence that one of the Big Four is losing its grip in the market and one of the non-Big Four players is eyeing a position in the top four.This indicates the possibility that the barrier to entry has begun to collapse, as smaller audit firms enjoy better opportunities to enter the market

The association between corporate governance and auditor switching decision

The purpose of this study is to examine the association between corporate governance and the propensity of auditor switching.In particular, the study seeks to investigate whether board independence and Chairman-CEO duality, influence the auditor-client realignment exercise. Understanding the reasons why companies switch auditor is very important as auditor switching could inhibit the flow of capital in the securities markets, and subsequently, increase the capital costs. Based on the analysis of 712 non-financial companies listed on Bursa Malaysia during the period from 31st December, 2009 to 2011, the results suggest that the companies with higher non-executive directors than the sample median tend to switch auditor.The Chairman-CEO duality, however, has no effect on the decision. The results also suggest that the provision of non-audit service, changes in key management, company size and Big 4 are significant determinants of auditor switch decision. The outcome of the study indicates the importance of sound governance on auditor switch decision and might provide insightful knowledge which helps shareholders to realize the importance of having balance BODs

A preliminary study on fraud prevention and detection at the state and local government entities in Malaysia

This study examines the occurrence of fraud and identifies the prevention programs in place at the State and Local Government entities in Malaysia. Issues related to fraud are of interest due to the frequent coverage by the media which has affected public confidence.The findings suggest that fraud is a significant problem, and the main causes of fraud are poor management practices and economic pressure. Interestingly, the study finds that, in most cases, management did not take firm action against the culprits when they were caught and found guilty. Most fraud incidents were discovered through the internal audit review, employee notification and accidental discovery.The findings also reveal that most of these entities did not have effective policies and procedures for dealing with fraud

Computer crime and security: A survey of financial institutions in Malaysia

As the world moves towards a virtual age, the increasing use and reliance on computers can not be avoided.Indeed, the use of computers has touched every aspect of life of people around the world.On the other hand, computer technologies also have ability to destroy those benefits if they are wrongly used to gain unethical advantage from these technologies.Studies in United States of America, Europe and Australia show that computer crime has grown along with the increase jn the use of computers.Considering the alarming growth figures of computer crime around the world, it is believed that Malaysia too is also experiencing similar problems.So, this study is attempts to determine the scope of computer crime in Malaysian financial institutions as well as raise the level of security awareness. The results will potentially provide us with better understanding of the threats as we gathered the database

Does the New Revised Code of Corporate Governance Impede Board Diversity? Evidence from Indonesia

This study explores the effect of Indonesia's good corporate governance code on board diversity: ethnicity, nationality, gender, qualification, experience, composition, and multiple directorship diversity. The revised corporate governance code provides guidelines for better corporate governance practices. Therefore, board attributes such as diversity are among the best corporate governance practices. Two hundred and three of Indonesia's listed companies (1,421 firm years) are research objects. The data was collected from company annual reports and other internet sources. The data was analyzed using a pair sample t-test and distribution frequency. Based on the pair sample t-test, Oversight board ethnicity diversity, nationality diversity, gender diversity, and board composition significantly differ between pre- and post-revised codes. In addition, management board nationality diversity and gender diversity are also differences between the pre-and post-revised code. In most cases, updating code improves diversity, except for the Oversight Board's ethnic diversity. This study also provides the detailed average number and percentage of board diversity pre- and post-the-updated code of good corporate governance. This study implies that the revised code of good corporate governance increases the board diversity of Indonesian-listed companies. Since the last revised code was released in 2006, a new updated code of good corporate governance has been demande