A comprehensive in vitro biological investigation of metal complexes of tolfenamic acid

Objective: The inquisitive objective of the study was to observe the antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activities of some newly synthesized metal complexes of tolfenamic acid.Methods: While antimicrobial activity was studied by disk diffusion method, cytotoxicity was studied by performing brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Moreover, DPPH radical scavenging potential was observed to determine the antioxidant property of the complexes.Results: From the disk diffusion antimicrobial screening of tolfenamic acid and its metal complexes, it was found out that considerable antimicrobial activity in terms of zone of inhibition against the tested organisms had been demonstrated by Cu and Zn complex of tolfenamic acid. In addition, the brine shrimp lethality bioassay corroborated that tolfenamic acid and Cu, Co, Zn complexes of the parent NSAID exhibited cytotoxicity with LC50 values 1.23 ± 0.91 lg/ml, 1.12 ± 0.12 lg/ml, 1.17 ± 0.56 lg/ml, 1.35 ± 0.24 lg/ ml respectively, compared to the vincristine sulfate had LC50 value of 0.82 ± 0.09 lg/ml. Furthermore, 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay revealed that in comparison with standard BHT had IC50 of 11.84 ± 0.65, Cu and Co complex of tolfenamic acid exhibited significant antioxidant or radical-scavenging properties with IC50 values 13.61 ± 0.58 lg/ml and 15.38 ± 0.09 lg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: It can be postulated that metal complexes of tolfenamic acid have auspicious pharmacological effects: antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant potency. Hence, these complexes might have better therapeutic responses in future; notwithstanding, it needs further detailed analysis in other pharmacological perspectives.Keywords: Tolfenamic acid, Metal complex, Antimicrobial screening, Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant activit

Small RNAs play a key role in Plant Primary to Secondary Cell Wall transition

Small RNAs (similar building blocks to that in the DNA) play a key role in Plant Primary to Secondary Cell Wall transition

Examining the Role of Small RNAs during the Transition from the Primary to Secondary Cell Wall Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

In plants, small RNAs play a pivotal role in modulating the primary to the secondary cell wall transition process

sRNAs works as a mediating factor SCW formation.

Small RNAs play an important role in primary to secondary cell wall regulation

A comprehensive in vitro biological investigation of metal complexes of tolfenamic acid

Objective: The inquisitive objective of the study was to observe the antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activities of some newly synthesized metal complexes of tolfenamic acid. Methods: While antimicrobial activity was studied by disk diffusion method, cytotoxicity was studied by performing brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Moreover, DPPH radical scavenging potential was observed to determine the antioxidant property of the complexes. Results: From the disk diffusion antimicrobial screening of tolfenamic acid and its metal complexes, it was found out that considerable antimicrobial activity in terms of zone of inhibition against the tested organisms had been demonstrated by Cu and Zn complex of tolfenamic acid. In addition, the brine shrimp lethality bioassay corroborated that tolfenamic acid and Cu, Co, Zn complexes of the parent NSAID exhibited cytotoxicity with LC50 values 1.23 ± 0.91 μg/ml, 1.12 ± 0.12 μg/ml, 1.17 ± 0.56 μg/ml, 1.35 ± 0.24 μg/ml respectively, compared to the vincristine sulfate had LC50 value of 0.82 ± 0.09 μg/ml. Furthermore, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay revealed that in comparison with standard BHT had IC50 of 11.84 ± 0.65, Cu and Co complex of tolfenamic acid exhibited significant antioxidant or radical-scavenging properties with IC50 values 13.61 ± 0.58 μg/ml and 15.38 ± 0.09 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: It can be postulated that metal complexes of tolfenamic acid have auspicious pharmacological effects: antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant potency. Hence, these complexes might have better therapeutic responses in future; notwithstanding, it needs further detailed analysis in other pharmacological perspectives

Extensins: Self-Assembly, Crosslinking, and the Role of Peroxidases

The extensin (EXT) network is elaborated by the covalent intermolecular crosslinking of EXT glycoprotein monomers, and its proper assembly is important for numerous aspects of basic wall architecture and cellular defense. In this review, we discuss new advances in the secretion of EXT monomers and the molecular drivers of EXT network self-assembly. Many of the functions of EXTs are conferred through covalent crosslinking into the wall, so we also discuss the different types of known intermolecular crosslinks, the enzymes that are involved, as well as the potential for additional crosslinks that are yet to be identified. EXTs also function in wall architecture independent of crosslinking status, and therefore, we explore the role of non-crosslinking EXTs. As EXT crosslinking is upregulated in response to wounding and pathogen infection, we discuss a potential regulatory mechanism to control covalent crosslinking and its relationship to the subcellular localization of the crosslinking enzymes

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of cytotoxic and hypoglycemic properties of Mangifera indica peels

Objective: To investigate the presence of different phytoconstituents in Mangifera indica (M. indica) peel and evaluate its cytotoxicity to Artemia salina and hypoglycemic potential in Swiss albino mice. Methods: The methanolic extract of M. indica peel was used to determine the presence of phytoconstituents. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay method was followed to determine the cytotoxic potential of plant extract. In the case of hypoglycemic activity, oral administration of extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg and standard glibenclamide at 10 mg/kg was done, followed by determining the percentage of reduction of plasma glucose from the initial level. Results: The methanolic extract of M. indica peel showed the presence of flavonoid, saponin, steroid, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the LC50 of the extract and standard vincristine sulfate was found to be 2.04 and 0.41 μg/mL, respectively. After 90 and 150 min, the methanolic extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg showed prominent plasma glucose reduction of 13.95%, 22.48% and 14.16%, 26.18% respectively compared to standard glibenclamide showing 14.90% and 20.67% plasma glucose reduction. Conclusions: This current research affirms prominent cytotoxic and moderate hypoglycemic potential of M. indica peel. Further bioactivity guided isolation of phytoconstituents and investigation on higher animals can lead to development of new drug molecules