Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

Use semantic meanings in photographs used in ad design

Meaning is the essence of visual communication drawn from cultural, social, popular and religious backgrounds and all values and standards. I have the actions and practices of individuals and groups and each civilization represents its basic public symbols that establish the background for the meanings of thinking for each individual or group where they organize their lived human experiences in a set of agreed codes as basic beliefs For understanding to be possible between them to express their experiences with their bottom line and their overall joint meaning, which is the targeted content of the communication messages carried by the mediator, which is loaded with symbols and signs agreed upon and shared by a community that express meaning A certain can be generalized or allocated and expanded with a group, and there are many types of semantic meaning that are derived from the surrounding environment, and among them there are types that contribute to increasing the efficiency of information delivery, which is what any declared institution or company may aim to stand on and focus on its use within its formulation of the components of the advertising image and building meanings Symbolic of the content of its message for the purpose of communicating the information efficiently within its communicative goals to achieve material profit and achieve purchasing gains and to ensure the satisfaction and loyalty of the target and prospective groups of the brand and reminds them when responding to the decision to purchase by announcing the road within our Egyptian society in which the image plays The photographic image as an attractive attractant and an essential role in its design, and therefore the importance of the subject of research in his field study came through the following question: What are the different semantic meanings in the images that can be employed to ensure the efficient and successful arrival of the information within the advertising image by announcing the Unipole road in order to achieve the communication goals? In order to determine the most types of semantic meanings included in the photographs, the research relies on the experimental descriptive approach in the field study, and analyzes the results of Unipole advertising units and their suitability with communicative goals in order to verify the research hypotheses

Structural standards for designing smart government applications in Egypt

Summary:As the Egyptian e-government portal seeks to change and transform relations between institutions and citizens through ICT - through web applications and portals - with the aim of providing the best for citizens and facilitating access to their needs, and enabling them to access Information, which provides more efficiency, effectiveness and transparency to support all government procedural systems and eliminate corruption, smart government comes to complete what was built and invest in it by approaching more than the citizen on the one hand, and direct simultaneous interaction with information spread in the society and its economic, social and security components on the other hand through these applications on smart devices. So, with the huge numbers of smartphone apps to choose from, we often find that the difference factor that convinces users to download the app, and their desire to continue using the application is a strong and attractive design, it's not just about designing an app with an aesthetic shape, but there are many things to consider by designer, which are essential for success related to the structural and functional standards of application design, and must be harmonized in order to achieve an easy-to-use, innovative application design, efficiency and effectiveness.Therefore, there was a need to develop building criteria for the design of visual elements of smart government applications in Egypt, and by applying the descriptive research approach in describing and analyzing some models of applications launched by the Egyptian government, the research reached a number of feasible building criteria to be followed when designing smart government applications in Egypt.Key Words: smart government - Structural standards

The Integrative Relationship Between Design and Function in smart government applications in Egypt.

The success of smartphone applications depends on those which touch customer’s needs, and maintain the quality of provide services in attractive and easy way. What makes applications work and be able to do their job is how to use the controls in app's interface, which includes all elements like, clickable buttons and tools specifically designed for this purpose, to allow users to interact with the screen.The visual design of any element of the visual interface can strongly effects on understanding, function, and how to use.The functional standards of the application are the line between user experience design and the visual design of the application interface. When designing smartphone apps, their functional it is the characteristics and tools that users realize and thus allow them to control the elements of the app interface, whether or not they are clickable buttons, or pull the slider and icons.Every signal users see is a guide of how to interact with the app, so sending misleading signals through inaccurate or unclear design processors makes it difficult for users to interpret what they see correctly.This study focuses on how to choose application interface controls very carefully, and how to make decisions about the visual design of each of these elements in a way that enables users to predict the function of each item.The descriptive approach was followed in describing and analyzing some models of applications launched by the Egyptian government, through which the research reached a number of functional criteria that can be followed when designing smart government applications in Egypt.Key Words: smart government – Design & Function - Smart phone application

Utilizing Empathy Philosophy In Advertising Design

The research focuses on studying the philosophy of empathy and how to utilize it in advertising design. Empathy is one of the most effective ways to communicate with the other. Empathy can be an entry point for designing the advertisement so that the designer put themselves in the shoes of the recipient and the audience, and thus the designers can learn more deeply about the opinions and behaviors of the audience and their trends by asking them directly about their desires, hopes, pains and goals. Empathy also means that the designer is aware of the recipient's feeling and emotional state when interacting with the advertisement presented. Thus, empathy based design research such as the empathy map aims to find common ground with the audience to apply the concept of empathy, and thus formulate advertising ideas from the view of the feelings and desires of the recipient and the requirements and objectives of the advertisement. Hence, the research problem lies in identifying the philosophy and theories of Empathy and how they can be used and utilized in the design of the advertisement, also studying how to use the empathy map in understanding the recipient, and how the advertisement can be designed in light of the emotion classification scheme. The research aims to benefit from the principles and theories of Empathy, as well as the empathy map as a way to reach a deep understanding of the recipient and thus formulate advertising ideas that attract the recipient and correspond to his needs and desires, as well as studying the classifications of feelings categories and how to employ them, formulating advertising ideas in light of the concept of Empathy. The research follows the descriptive approach accompanied by an analytical study. The research has found the importance of the empathy map in reaching a deep understanding of the feelings and needs of the recipient, and then creating the advertising message according to the emotion scheme

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population