Evaluating Large Language Models with NeuBAROCO: Syllogistic Reasoning Ability and Human-like Biases

This paper investigates whether current large language models exhibit biases in logical reasoning, similar to humans. Specifically, we focus on syllogistic reasoning, a well-studied form of inference in the cognitive science of human deduction. To facilitate our analysis, we introduce a dataset called NeuBAROCO, originally designed for psychological experiments that assess human logical abilities in syllogistic reasoning. The dataset consists of syllogistic inferences in both English and Japanese. We examine three types of biases observed in human syllogistic reasoning: belief biases, conversion errors, and atmosphere effects. Our findings demonstrate that current large language models struggle more with problems involving these three types of biases.Comment: To appear in Proceedings of the 4th Natural Logic Meets Machine Learning Workshop (NALOMA IV

Tsunami run-up heights of the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake

Tsunami height survey was conducted immediately after the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake. Results of the survey show that the largest tsunami height was 4 m to the east of Cape Erimo, around Bansei-onsen, and locally at Mabiro. The results also show that the tsunami height distribution of the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake is clearly different from that of the 1952 Tokachi-oki earthquake, suggesting the different source areas of the 1952 and 2003 Tokachioki earthquakes. Numerical simulation of tsunami is carried out using the slip distribution estimated by Yamanaka and Kikuchi (2003). The overall pattern of the observed tsunami height distribution along the coast is explained by the computed ones although the observed tsunami heights are slightly smaller. Large later phase observed at the tide gauge in Urakawa is the edge wave propagating from Cape Erimo along the west coast of the Hidaka area.The 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquak

Surgical management of proximal fibular tumors: A report of 12 cases

Background/aim Aggressive benign or malignant tumors in the proximal fibula may require en bloc resection of the fibular head, including the peroneal nerve and lateral collateral ligament. Here, we report the treatment outcomes of 12 patients with aggressive benign or malignant proximal fibula tumors. Patients and methods Four patients with osteosarcoma and 1 patient with Ewing\u27s sarcoma were treated with intentional marginal resections after effective chemotherapy, and 4 patients underwent fibular head resections without ligamentous reconstruction. Clinical outcomes were investigated. Results The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scores were 96% and 65% in patients without peroneal nerve resection and those with nerve resection, respectively. No patients complained of knee instability. Conclusion Functional outcomes after resection of the fibular head were primarily influenced by peroneal nerve preservation. If patients are good responders to preoperative chemotherapy, malignant tumors may be treated with marginal excision, resulting in peroneal nerve preservation and good function. © 2016 The AuthorsEmbargo Period 12 month

Child Deaths From Injury in the Special Wards of Tokyo, Japan (2006^|^ndash;2010): A Descriptive Study

exterior, south elevation and cemetery, 198