Innovative Differential Protection Scheme for Microgrids Based on RC Current Sensor

The modern power system and future ones include several intelligent devices. It also integrates renewable energy sources, energy storage, energy microgrid control system, hybrid networks, and smart grids with the wide application of information technology and communication. The most crucial goal in the smart grid application is improving safety reliability within the network. Recent studies have recommended the development of smart grid technology that enhances the reliability of electric power systems increases efficiency and improves the detection of faults for protection; this will reduce the duration of interruption of the number of customers affected by the outages. Moreover, smart grid technology decreases the power loss of energy usage and improves the efficiency of the system. And protection is one of the most important challenges facing smart grid deployment. In this chapter, protection for smart grids using differential relays is presented. The differential scheme is a very reliable method of ensuring the safety of protected areas. This chapter discusses the differential relay parameters with various fault conditions. Therefore, the protection scheme affirms the rapid separation of the fault zone to reduce damage to the equipment. The simulation results show that the method is effective and reliable

Design of Active Fractional PID Controller Based on Whale's Optimization Algorithm for Stabilizing a Quarter Vehicle Suspension System

Improving the dynamic performance of an automobile suspension system is considered as the main demand for comfortable and safe passenger travelling. From all previously proposed and implemented works, it is noticed that there are other factors that need to be considered to raising the car holding and stability in the road for improved passenger comfort when travelling. The minimization of car body displacement and oscillation time after exposure to road disturbances have been adopted in this work due to their contribution in raising the car holding and stability. The improvement in these features was maintained via a robust control methodology. The Fractional Order PID controller tuned by the Whales Optimization Algorithm (WOA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is suggested in this work as a robust controller to reduce the effect of these demerits. In this paper, an active quarter car suspension nonlinear system is designed for the presented goals using a robust controller. Minimizing the displacement of the car body and reducing the damping frequency are achieved via a nonlinear control strategy using the fractional order PID controller, which can maintain the required characteristics. Tuning the parameters of the FOPID controller is performed by using the Whales Optimization Algorithm (WOA). Robustness of the FOPID controller is examined and proved to withstand a system parameter variation of ±12 % in all system parameters and a maximum of ±80 % in controller parameter variation. Simulation outcomes also indicate a considerably improved performance of the active suspension system with the fractional order PID controller over the traditional PID

Kinetic, Isotherm, and Thermodynamic Study of Bismarck Brown Dye Adsorption onto Graphene Oxide and Graphene Oxide-Grafted-Poly (n-butyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic Acid)

تم دراسة سلوك إمتزاز صبغة بسمارك البنية BB من المحاليل المائية على أوكسيد الكرافين GO وأكسيد الجرافين–مطعم-بولي(ن-بيوتيل ميثاكريلات-مشترك-حامض ميثاكريليك) GO-g-pBCM المحضرين. تم تشخيص الممتزات المحضرة بمطيافية الأشعة تحت الحمراء FTIR التي أكدت صحة التراكيب الممتزات المحضرة. تم دراسة أمتزاز الصبغة بصيغتي لانكمير وفرندليش على أوكسيد الكرافين وأكسيد الجرافين –مطعم-بولي (ن-بيوتيل ميثاكريلات-مشترك- حامض ميثاكريليك) في سلسلة من التجارب بنظام الوجبة وتحت ظروف مختلفة. واعتُبر نموذج لانگماير معقولاً على نحو متزايد من المعلومات التجريبية لإمتزاز الصبغة. وكشفت الدراسة الحركية أن نموذج النظام الثاني الكاذب أظهر أفضل ملائمة للبيانات التجريبية، وأن المعاملات الحرارية تعني أن عملية الامتزاز كانت تلقائية ومن النوع الماص للحرارة.The adsorption behavior of Bismarck brown (BB) dye from aqueous solutions onto graphene oxide GO and graphene oxide-g-poly (n-butyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) GO-g-pBCM as adsorbents was investigated. The prepared GO and GO-g-pBCM were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR, which confirmed the compositions of the prepared adsorbents. Adsorption of BB dye onto GO and GO-g-pBCM was explored in a series of batch experiments under various conditions. The data were examined utilizing Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm was seen as increasingly reasonable from the experimental information of dye on formulating adsorbents. Kinetic investigations showed that the experimental data were fitted very well to the pseudo-second-order model, and the calculated positive values of the (∆H° and ∆S°) indicated that the adsorption of BB dye onto GO and GO-g-pBCM was endothermic and increasing of the adsorption process randomness. The negative values of (∆G°) imply that the adsorption process was spontaneous

Bubble dynamics in a diesel exhaust wet scrubber

A wet scrubber is an air pollution removal device that eliminates particulate matter and acid gases from a diesel engine. The exhaust gas enters the scrubber beneath the liquid surface, causing a reduction in gas temperature and increases the relative humidity of scrubber outlet. In this study, bubble motion was captured with a high-speed video system in 16 test conditions. Heat transfer analysis was used to investigate the direct interaction between the bubbles and their surrounding liquid. The experimental results confirmed that there are three flow regions at the low inlet gas flow rate: inlet, bulk and exit region (at exit). At the departing region, the bubble diameter depended on the inlet gas volumetric flow rate. The bubble number ratio was a function of the inlet gas Reynolds number. The heat transfer between the bubbles and liquid depended on the inlet gas temperature ratio

Effect of zinc sulphate and cadmium chloride on heat shock protein 70 and some sex hormones in adult male rabbits

The present research was designed to study the effect zinc sulphate (15 mg/kg/orally) and cadmium chloride (25 mg/L) with drinking water on the level of Heat shock protein 70 , testosterone and luteinizing hormone in adult male rabbits for six weeks. Twenty adult male rabbits randomly divided to four groups of five males per group: control group, the cadmium chloride group, the zinc sulphate with cadmium chloride together group and zinc sulphate group alone. Blood samples were withdrawn every two weeks of experiment. To investigate Heat shock protein 70, testosterone and luteinizing hormone by using ELISA technique. The result show that treatment of male rabbits with cadmium chloride resulted in a significant increase in HSP70 in 6th week, accompanied by a significant decrease in the level of testosterone and luteinizing hormone 2nd, 3rd, 6th week compared to control group, supplement with zinc sulphate and cadmium chloride together resulted in a significant decrease in HSP70 in 6th week with a significant increase in testosterone and luteinizing hormone in 2nd, 4th and 6th, week compared to the cadmium chloride group. The treatment with zinc sulphate alone caused a significant decrease in HSP70 in 6th week and significant increase in the level of testosterone in 2nd, 4th, and 6th week and luteinizing hormone in 6th week compared with cadmium chloride group. We concluded that has an effect on the level of Heat shock protein and male sex hormones and that giving zinc with cadmium together reduced the effects of cadmium as well as zinc supplementation improve the negative effect on the level of sex hormone in adult male rabbits

Comparison between Analytical Equation and Numerical Methods for Determining Shear Stress in a Cantilever Beam

A three meter-length cantilever beam loaded with a concentrated load at its free end is studied to determine shear stresses. In the present study, three cross sections are considered: rectangle (R); I, and T. The study presents a comparison of maximum shear stresses obtained by means of two methods: classical analytical equation derived by Collingnon, and finite element method (FEM) software. Software programs ANSYS and SAP2000 were used. The results show difference between the maximum shear stresses obtained by the analytical equation and the software, being the last is always higher. The average differences for ANSYS and SAP2000, independently of the cross section, were 12.76% and 11.96%, respectively. Considering these differences, correction factors were proposed to the classical analytical formula for each cross section case to obtain more realistic results. After the correction, the average differences decrease to 1.48% and 4.86%, regardless of the cross section shape

The enhancement of prostate cancer treatment using gold nanoparticles and high energy photons

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely used for medical applications, because it ability to convert as colloidal solution, have no interaction with biotic tissue, low toxicity, easy in the detection, and thermally stabile. This study focuses on the treatment of prostate cancer by interaction the gamma ray (6 MeV) with Gold nanoparticles, without the extirpation of prostate. This method occurs in a minimum dose given for the patient for the improvement of radiotherapy that is used in prostate cancer treatment by depended on pair production phenomenon. Keywords: gold nanoparticles(AuNPs), gamma photons, prostate cancer, pair production

Polypropylene/Pt Nanocomposite: Synthesis, Characterization and Study the Cytotoxic Effects

     This paper presents the synthesis of a polypropylene nanocomposite. The  nanocomposites were characterized using different techniques: atomic electron microscopy (AFM), surface shape was evaluated by (SEM),(EDS),(XRD) and (FTIR). The study showed that the platinum nanocomposite had a fatal effect on both strains of bacteria used, as well as on the growth of fungi. The compound tested showed antioxidant properties moderate activity was found. The mentioned material were evaluated in normal cell line HdFn (Human Dermal Fibroblasts, neonatal)  and breast cancer MCF-7 cancer cell line , by MTT assay for study cytotoxic effects, morphological changes, all experiments were conducted on cell lines by using the materials alone. The results of the MTT assay showed that the material [PP/ Pt] had a toxic effect on the cell lines, and the toxicity of the materials was concentration-dependent manner where that have higher toxicity on the MCF-7  cell lines than HdFn. The toxic effects of material alone were reflected on cell morphology by appearance irreversible cytopathic changes in the treated cells, which ability to cause cellular death and DNA damage. When there appeared a significant increase in the concentration of  nanocomposite , [PP/Pt]  nanocomposite have an inhibitory effect on both breast cancer and normal cell lines. Conclude both materials have genotoxic effects on normal and cancer cell lines

THE EFFECT OF APPLYING AND PRACTICING COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN PROMOTING ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE AN APPLICATION ON NEELAIN UNIVERSITY– SUDAN

Research conducted to identify the effect of applying and practicing communication skills in promoting the organizational performance in (Neelain University –Sudan). Research determined the relation, association and effect of communication skills (speaking, reading, listening, and writing skills) in promoting organizational performance. Total sample size of research is 39 (members of teaching staff and employees) from the university. The questionnaire was used for collecting the data, which has been analyzed by using SPSS program. Research examined that there is a relationship between the communication skills and organizational performance. The research examined that the communication skills (speaking, reading, listening, and writing skills) are positively related to the organizational performance. Also research concluded that the application and practicing of effective communication skills have positive role in promoting the organizational performance

Doubling the Number of Connected Devices in Narrow-band Internet of Things while Maintaining System Performance: An STC-based Approach

Narrow-band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) method that was first launched by the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) Rel- 13 with the purpose of enabling low-cost, low-power and wide-area cellular connection for the Internet of Things (IoT). As the demand for over-the-air services grows and with the number of linked wireless devices reaching 100 billion, wireless spectrum is becoming scarce, necessitating creative techniques that can increase the number of connected devices within a restricted spectral resource in order to satisfy service needs. Consequently, it is vital that academics develop efficient solutions to fulfill the quality of service (QoS) criteria of the NB-IoT in the context of 5th generation (5G) and beyond. This study paves the way for 5G networks and beyond to have increased capacity and data rate for NB-IoT. Whereas, this article suggests a method for increasing the number of connected devices by using a technique known as symbol time compression (STC). The suggested method compresses the occupied bandwidth of each device without increasing complexity, losing data throughput or bit error rate (BER) performance. The STC approach is proposed in the literature to work with the conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to reduce bandwidth usage by 50% and improve the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Specifically, An STC-based method is proposed that exploits the unused bandwidth to double the number of connected devices while keeping system performance and complexity. Furthermore, the {\mu}-law companding technique is leveraged to reduce the PAPR of the transmitted signals. The obtained simulation results reveal that the proposed approach using the {\mu}-law companding technique increases the transmitted data by twice and reduces the PAPR by 3.22 dB while maintaining the same complexity and BER