Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely used for medical applications, because it ability to convert as colloidal solution, have no interaction with biotic tissue, low toxicity, easy in the detection, and thermally stabile. This study focuses on the treatment of prostate cancer by interaction the gamma ray (6 MeV) with Gold nanoparticles, without the extirpation of prostate. This method occurs in a minimum dose given for the patient for the improvement of radiotherapy that is used in prostate cancer treatment by depended on pair production phenomenon. Keywords: gold nanoparticles(AuNPs), gamma photons, prostate cancer, pair production

Abdulwahid, Talib A.

Abojassim, Ali A.

Almayahi, B.A.

Alsaberi, Imad K.

English

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                                  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.25, 2013          76  The enhancement of prostate cancer treatment using gold nanoparticles and high energy photons  Talib A. Abdulwahid1 *, Imad K. Alsaberi2, Ali A. Abojassim3, B.A. Almayahi4 1. Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Kufa, Iraq 2. Cancer Research Unit ,College of Medicine, University of Kufa, Iraq 3. Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Kufa, Iraq 4. Department of Environment, College of Science, University of Kufa, Iraq * E-mail of the corresponding author: taliba.jabir@uokufa.edu.iq Abstract Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely used for medical applications, because it ability to convert as colloidal solution, have no interaction with biotic tissue, low toxicity, easy in the detection, and thermally stabile. This study focuses on the treatment of prostate cancer by interaction the gamma ray (6 MeV) with Gold nanoparticles, without the extirpation of prostate. This method occurs in a minimum dose given for the patient for the improvement of radiotherapy that is used in prostate cancer treatment by depended on pair production phenomenon. Keywords: gold nanoparticles(AuNPs), gamma photons, prostate cancer, pair production.  1. Introduction The prostate gland sits in the pelvis, surrounded by the rectum, the bladder, and it is fixed to the bladder floor, the urethra communicates between the bladder and the prostate into the penis (Kantarjian et al. 2007). Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and the second after lung cancer leading cause of cancer death among men in the world (Jemal et al. 2010). In most men, the cancer grows slowly, many men with the disease will never know they had the condition. Early prostate cancer is confined to the prostate gland itself and the majority of patients can live for years with no problems (Christopher et al. 2010). This cancer is characterized by both grade and stage. The size and extent of the tumor determine its stage. The physician can be divided the treatment options according to risk (Christopher et al. 2010). Local treatment is composed of surgery and radiotherapy (External beam radiotherapy: EBRT or Brach therapy: BT). Systemic treatment is hormonal therapy (LHRH agonist or anti androgen) or systemic chemotherapy (Barrett et al. 2009). Radiotherapy consists of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and brachytherapy (BT). These treatments can be used as mono therapy or combined with each other. Radiotherapy can be used as radical treatment (EBRT or BT or both of them), adjuvant treatment after radical prostatectomy (EBRT) and palliative treatment (EBRT). Radiotherapy has been developed for a long time in giving the dose directly to the target lesion (prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and lymph nodes) (Bentzen et al. 2008 ). To increase the absorbed dose in cancer tumor inserting a material with a high atomic number (gold Z=79) locally in the region of the malignant cells (Hainfeld et al. 2008). In vivo this would be achieved by injecting gold nanoparticles. The injection of gold nanoparticles to enhance dose has already been proven to be viable using an animal model together with high energy photon beams (Hainfeld et al. 2004). Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used in therapeutics because their unique properties of small size, high reactivity to the living cells, stability over high temperatures, and translocation into the cells (Pooja et al. 2011). AuNPs are the colloidal suspension of gold particles of nanometer sizes (Roa et al. 2009) .The size of AuNPs is determined by the gold salt concentration, temperature, and rate of addition of reactants resulting in size range of 10 nm to 25 nm (Grzelczak et al. 2008). Therapy combined with metallic nanoparticles is a new way to treat cancer, in which gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are injected and bound to tumor sites. When an external photon-ray source hits these nanoparticles, particles can subsequently generate free radicals that damage cancer cells and induce cell apoptosis, AuNPs were used to enhance prostate cancer apoptosis by radiotherapy with little or no increase in harm to normal surrounding tissues (Liu et al. 2010).   2. Theoretical Calculations and Results Photons may undergo various possible interactions with atoms of an attenuator (photo electric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production). The probability (cross-section) for each interaction depends on the energy of the incident photon and on the atomic number Z of the matter. When the energy of photon 6 MeV and the attenuator Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                                  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.25, 2013          77  is the gold (Z=79) the pair production is prevailing these electrons and positrons generate free radicals then cause damage to DNA of cancer cells (Powsner and Powsner 2006). The linear attenuation coefficient (µ) relate with probability for pair production interaction (cross section σ) by (Henke et al.  1993):                                        µ = ΝA σ w /A                                                                                                  (1)  where µ= linear attenuation coefficient (cm-1), NA= Avogadro’s number, σ= the microscopic cross section for reaction (cm2 ), A= mass number, and w= the mass (g). Dividing both sides by ρ (g cm-3)                                       µ/ ρ = ΝA σ w/ ρ A                                                                                          (2)   µ/ ρ= mass attenuation coefficient (cm2 g-1), from equation 2 the cross section equal:                                                                                                                                             (3)  The equation of irradiation is given by (Proh et al. 2004)                                              Nd = φ t Ni σ                                                                                              (4)  Nd= the number of cells destroyed cancer cells after irradiation, φ= the flux of particles (photon cm-2 sec-1), t= the time of exposure t (s), and Ni= the number of cancer cells per unit volume (cell cm-3).  By substitute equation 3 in equation 4 result the equation of irradiation can be applied in simulation program                                                                                                                                  (5)  The mass attenuation coefficient for the gold and prostate can get it from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST2004) (Hubbell and Seltzer 1996), the composition of prostate tissue can get from references (Wood and White 1986), and the fractionation was assumed to create a suitable therapeutic (Halperin et al. 2008). Computer program was developed in a simulation program using (5) for a prostate with Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in concentrations (0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 g). The energy of incident photon was 6 MeV, the flux was 1016 (photon cm-2 s-1), and time of irradiation was 1200 s. The results are tabulated in Table 1 and Table 2.    Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                                  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.25, 2013          78      Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                                  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.25, 2013          79   3. Discussion  The results were showed increasing in number of destroyed cancer cells due to existence of gold nanoparticles in cancer cells with high concentration. These results were agreement with literatures (Halperin et al. 2008; Butterworth et al. 2010, Heuvel et al. 2010; Pissuwan et al. 2008). Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have biocompatibility and ability to increase dose deposited in tissue because of their high mass energy absorption coefficient, which caused breaks in DNA (Conde et al. 2012; McMahon et al. 2011). Results have improvement in the treatment effects on cancer cells. Maximum damage noted in concentrations (0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004, 0.005) and then (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) as shown in Figures ( 1, 2, and 3), because nanoparticles formed in size to become capable to enter the cancer cells and make maximum damage inside the prostate cancer cells by single shot.   Dose(Gy)0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70No. of destroyed cancer cells01e+102e+103e+104e+10GNPs0.001GNPs0.002 GNPs0.003GNPs0.004GNPs0.005 Figure 1. Number of destroyed cancer cells by dose fractionation when photon energy 6 MeV and gold nanoparticles concentrations (0.001 g to 0.005 g).   Dose(Gy)0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70No. of Destroyed Cancer Cells01e+92e+93e+94e+9GNPs(0.01)GNPs(0.02)GNPs(0.03)GNPs(0.04)GNPs(0.05) Figure 2. Number of destroyed cancer cells by dose fractionation when photon energy 6 MeV and gold nanoparticles concentrations (0.01 g to 0.05 g).   Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                                  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.25, 2013          80  Dose(Gy)0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70No. of Destroyed Cancer cells01e+82e+83e+84e+85e+8GNPs(0.1)GNPs(0.2)GNPs(0.3)GNPs(0.4)GNPs(0.5) Figure 3. Number of destroyed cancer cells by dose fractionation when photon energy 6 MeV and gold nanoparticles concentrations (0.1 g to 0.5 g).  4. Conclusions This work developed a method for enhancing the treatment of prostate cancer by using gold nanoparticles with gamma photons. The results showed that gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with high energy photons enhanced the radiotherapy, where increase the number of destroyed cancer cells (destroy large number from cancer cells in minimum dose that given for patient), the results can be arranged in three benefits using gold nano particles with high energy photons: a. Compared to AuNPs localized a higher concentration of AuNPs in prostate cancer cells. b. AuNPs increase the absorption of radiation in tissue. Thus, lower doses of radiation can be used, avoiding the risk of side effects. c. Damage to the tissue, which it surrounding of the cancer is decreased because the concentrations of gold nanoparticles increase in cancer cells.            Acknowledgments         The authors acknowledge the financial support of the College of Science of the University of Kufa.   References Barrett A., Dobbs J., Morris S., Roques T. Practical radiotherapy planning. Hodder Arnold, London, United Kingdom, 2009. Bentzen S. M., Harari P.M., Wolfgang A.T, Mehta M.P., Radiation Oncology Advances. Springer science and  Business media. New York, 2008. Butterworth K., Coulte J., Jain S., Forker J., McMahon S., Schettino G., et al , Evaluation of cytotoxicity and radiation enhancement using 1.9 nm gold particles. Nanotechnology, 2010; 21(29): 957-967. Christopher JL, Jeri Kim, Davis J, Deborah K, Paul M, Aparicio A, Holland-frei cancer medicine.  People's medical publishing house USA, 2010. Conde J.,  Doria G., Baptista P., Noble Metal Nanoparticles Applications in Cancer. Journal of Drug Delivery, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/751075. Grzelczak M., Juste J., Mulvaney P., Liz-Marzan L., Shape Control in Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis. Chemical  Society Reviews, 2008; 37( 9):1783-1791. Hainfeld J.F., Dilmanian F.A., Slatkin D.N., Smilowitz H.M., Radiotherapy enhancement with gold nanoparticles. J Pharm Pharmacol, 2008; 60 (8): 977-85. Hainfeld J.F., Slatkin D.N., Smilowitz H.M. The use of gold nanoparticles to enhance radiotherapy in mice. Phys. Med. Biol, 2004; 49: 309-315 . Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                                                                  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.25, 2013          81  Halperin C.E., Perez C.A., Brady W.L., Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. USA, 2008. Henke B.L., Gullikson E.M., Davis J.C., X-Ray Interactions: Photoabsorption, Scattering, Transmission, and Reflection at E = 50–30,000 eV, Z = 1–92. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 54, 181 (1993). http:// wwwcxro.lbl.gov/optical constants. Heuvel F., Locquet J., Nuyts S., Beam energy considerations for gold nano-particle enhanced radiation treatment. J. Phy.Med.Bio., 2010; 55 (16) 4509–4520. Hubbell J. H., Seltzer S. M., Tables of X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients and Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficients from 1 keV to 20 MeV for Elements Z = 1 to 92 and 48 Additional Substances of Dosimetric Interest. NIST Standard Reference Database, 126 (1996). http://www.nist.gov/pml/data/xraycoef/index.cfm (7, 2013). Jemal A., Siegel R., Xu J.,Ward E.,  Cancer Statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin., 2010; 60: 277–300. Kantarjian H.M.,  Wolff R.A., Koller C.A., The MD Anderson Manual of Medical Oncology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Houston-USA, 2007.  Liu C., Wang C., Chen S., Chen H., Leng W., Chien C., et al., Enhancement of cell radiation sensitivity by gold nanoparticles.  J. Ph.Med. Bio., 2010; 55( 4): 931-941. McMahon S.J., Hyland W.B., Burn E., Butterworth T.T., Coulter J.A., Douki T, et al. Energy Dependence of Gold Nanoparticle  Radiosensitization in Plasmid DNA . J. Phys. Chem., 2011; 115: (41), 20160–20167 Pissuwan D., Valenzuela S., Cortie M., Prospects for Gold Nanorod Particles in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews, 2008; 25: 93-112. Pooja M., Komal V., Vida A., Shree R., Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications, 2011. www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterials. Nanomaterials 2011; 1:31-63. Powsner R.A., Powsner E.R., Essential Nuclear Medicine Physics. Blackwell Publishing. Massachusetts-USA, 2006. Proh B., Rith K., Sccholz  C, Zetsche  F., Particles and nuclei an introduction to the physical concepts. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. New York, 2004. Roa W., Xiaojing Zhang X., Guo L., Shaw A., Xiuying H., Xiong Y., Gulavita S., Patel S. Gold nanoparticle sensitize radiotherapy of prostate cancer cells by regulation of the cell cycle. Nanotechnology, 2009; 20: 375101 Wood H.Q., White D.R., The composition of body tissues. The British journal of radiology, 1986; 59:1209-1219.     This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE).  The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe.  The aim of the institute is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.  More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:  http://www.iiste.org  CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and collaborating with academic institutions around the world.  There’s no deadline for submission.  Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/   The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.  MORE RESOURCES Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/ Recent conferences:  http://www.iiste.org/conference/ IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library , NewJour, Google Scholar   

The enhancement of prostate cancer treatment using gold nanoparticles and high energy photons

https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/APTA/article/download/8625/8822

The enhancement of prostate cancer treatment using gold nanoparticles and high energy photons

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals