A step towards machine translation between communication symbols and Arabic text

Pictographic symbols may be used as an alternative form of communication by individuals with complex communication needs. These symbols are a collocation of drawings that depict concepts often associated with glosses that express the meaning in spoken language. This research investigates the problem by focusing on one particular language, Modern Standard Arabic, and one set of symbols, the ARASAAC set. The outcomes are generalisable to other symbols sets and spoken languages. Symbols can be used as part of an electronic speech generating devices. Users may use symbols to express messages or to understand received messages. Thus, translating to and from text is an important task that increases communication with a wider community. Translating text to symbols requires awareness of the exact sense of the textual units that are part of the input message, to determine relevant symbols. Translating from symbol to text, on the other hand, requires in addition to associated glosses, an awareness of the grammar, and word sequence likelihoods, to be able generate fully-formed sentences. Machine translation has often been tackled by using methods that require large amounts of data. This data needs to match the domain and cover the same source and target registers that are expected by a translation system. However, a parallel corpus of pictographic symbols and MSA is currently unavailable. This research addresses this issue by proposing an approach that creates the training data needed by making use of existing multilingual textual resources to resolve ambiguity. The outcome was a corpus that had been automatically tagged with morphological annotations and pictographic symbols, the approach followed, and an investigation of the data involved and produced. The availability of this symbol tagged corpus is a step towards Arabic symbol/text translation. This has the potential to enhance communication for those requiring Arabic speech output from symbol messaging, and provide a better understanding of the complexities of automated symbol/text translation processes in Arabic

IgG4-related sclerosing mesenteritis in a 7-year-old Saudi Girl

Sclerosing mesenteritis (SM) is a rare, benign inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, affecting the membranes of the digestive tract that involves lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, fat necrosis, and fibrosis of the mesentery. We report a child patient with a history of recurrent abdominal pain and fever who was found to have an intra-abdominal mass suspicious for malignancy. A tissue biopsy revealed the diagnosis of SM associated with IgG4-related systemic disease. The patient is currently maintained on 5 mg prednisone daily and no recurrence of symptoms was noted during the 24-month follow-up period. We emphasize, therefore, that SM can present clinical challenges and the presence of SM should cue clinicians to search for other coexisting autoimmune disorders that can have various outcomes