Impact of Crack Length into Pipe Conveying Fluid Utilizing Fast Fourier transform Computer Algorithm

One of the most prominent problems experienced by the oil facilities is leakage of oil from the pipes. This problem caused 55% of oil refineries to be shut off. Oil leakage is a common problem that often results in oil waste, damage, and hazard to public health. Therefore, it is necessary to use Modern technologies to reduce this phenomenon and avoid them in advance. Pipes that convey fluids have many uses in various industries and living facilities. Risk increases when the fluid inside the pipe is flammable. In this work, main case that cause damage to the pipe, longitudinal crack is investigate.This work presents a new experimental model based on computer applications with a Fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm for testing the effect of longitudinal crack length by frequency and ultrasonic measurements to measure fluid velocity. The method is used for plastic pipe with 2 cm internal diameter, 3 cm external diameter, and 1 m length. The modulus of elasticity of the material is 800 N/mm2 according to the ISO 178 test method. The pipe conveys oil with simply supported ends. The results show that FFT model shows better features compared with other ways that depends on visual inspection or localized measurements which gave an external perception of pipeline damage. FFT model offers a reliable and cheap style for ensuring pipeline integrity and warning the risks before its occurrence. From the observations made the fundamental natural frequency (FNF) decreases by increasing of crack length in the pipe that conveys flui

Enhanced handover decision algorithm in heterogeneous wireless network

Transferring a huge amount of data between different network locations over the network links depends on the network's traffic capacity and data rate. Traditionally, a mobile device may be moved to achieve the operations of vertical handover, considering only one criterion, that is the Received Signal Strength (RSS). The use of a single criterion may cause service interruption, an unbalanced network load and an inefficient vertical handover. In this paper, we propose an enhanced vertical handover decision algorithm based on multiple criteria in the heterogeneous wireless network. The algorithm consists of three technology interfaces: Long-Term Evolution (LTE), Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). It also employs three types of vertical handover decision algorithms: equal priority, mobile priority and network priority. The simulation results illustrate that the three types of decision algorithms outperform the traditional network decision algorithm in terms of handover number probability and the handover failure probability. In addition, it is noticed that the network priority handover decision algorithm produces better results compared to the equal priority and the mobile priority handover decision algorithm. Finally, the simulation results are validated by the analytical model

The rapid vertical handover for efficient IPv6 mobility support in heterogeneous wireless network

The management techniques employed for Fast Mobile Internet Protocol version 6 (FMIPv6) and Media Independent Handover services between different wireless technologies are very important for completing the handover operations with the least possible delay. In the FMIPv6 technique, when a mobile node (MN) moves to another network, it needs to perform vertical handover (VHO) operations. These operations have a severe impact on the handover latency. In this article, we propose an enhanced network layer mechanism that is used to support fast handover for VHO. We introduce a new idea for the access router discovery method and propose a rapid VHO algorithm accordingly. Our proposal of a rapid VHO algorithm, a previous access router (pAR), rapidly provides a unique Ipv6 address instead of a new access router (nAR) for MNs. The binding updates to both the home agent and the correspondent node are performed from the pAR. We can observe from the results that by optimizing the network layer, the rapid VHO algorithm rapidly presents unique Ipv6 addresses for MNs with a minimum handover latency and packet loss even at high-speed movements. Finally, we presented an analytical model which shows that by enabling the access router discovery method and enhancing the network layer mechanism, an MN can perform fast handover processes with low handover latency compared with the FMIPv6 technique

Diagnostic accuracy of hematoxylin-eosin staining in comparison to calretinin and S100 for the assessment of ganglion cells in rectal biopsy

Objectives: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of haematoxylin-eosin staining in clinically suspected Hirschsprung disease, and to compare the findings with calretinin and S100 immunohistochemistry. Method: The retrospective study was conducted at the AL-Khansaa Teaching Hospital, Nineveh, Iraq, and comprised data from January 2017 to October 2020 of rectal suction biopsies of patients with clinically and radiologically suspected Hirschsprung disease. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry were performed. Data was analysed using SPSS 16. ---Continu