An emulsion containing leech extract

THE PRESENT INVENTION RELATES TO AN EMULSION FOR TOPICAL APPLICATION CHARACTERISED BY: 25% BY WEIGHT OF EMOLLIENT; 0.1 - 7.0% BY WEIGHT OF STABILISER; 1.0 - 25% BY WEIGHT OF EMULSIFIER; 30.0 - 50.0% BY WEIGHT OF SOLVENT; AND 1.0 - 5.0% BY WEIGHT OF LEECH EXTRACT DERIVED FROM HIRUDINARIA MANILLENSIS

Systematic review of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) extract and formulation in wound healing

Context: Flaxseed constituents provide to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and wound healing benefits. Aims: To systematically review the experimental evidence on the wound healing ability of flaxseed extracts and formulations. Methods: Comprehensive searches in six databases (Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar and Dimensions) were carried out from the beginning of databases until December 2020, according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. The terms used in searches were (Linum usitatissimum L., flaxseed, linseed, flax) AND (extract) AND (wound heal, heal, heal type, wound) for collection of articles, with only articles in English and research articles were included. Transgenic term were excluded. AXIS tool was chosen to assess the quality and risk of bias. The data were then categorised in term of extracts, laboratory formulation, and wound healing. Results: In total, 999 articles were collected and screened based on the pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 10 articles were included in the review. The majority of publications reported significant findings of flaxseed oil on wound healing regardless of extraction method and formulation. Healing parameters on excision, incision, and burn wound models were studied. Lack of laboratory formulation mentioned in the collected articles gave limitation impact on this study. Conclusions: Flaxseed oil formulation appears to exert a positive effect on wound healing. Therefore, extensive studies needed to evaluate the transportation of flaxseed phytochemicals into skin dermis by advanced drug formulation

Palm olein-in-water cream containing extracts from Hirudinaria manillensis for improving blood flow

The Malaysian leech variety, Hirudinaria manillensis, has an anticoagulant known as hirudin. Due to this, products containing extract from leech can be obtained in the market mainly in the form of oil or ointment to treat ailments associated with poor blood flow. A cream product using refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein containing the extract of H. manillensis was prepared for improving the blood circulatory system using a suitable combination of surfactants. Cream is suggested because of its convenient application and fewer side effects compared to injection and oral dosage forms. Topical cream preparation may be an alternative to the commercially-available anticoagulant in terms of a more convenient application and with reduced side effects or complications. There is also a possibility that the formulation may become an over-the-counter drug (OTC)' Extraction of H. mannilensis was done using acetone/ acid and was purified by 5o% ammonium sulfate

Time to treatment initiation and retrospective analysis of antiretroviral therapy outcomes among HIV-positive methadone maintenance therapy clients in Primary Health-care Centers, Kuantan, Pahang

Introduction: Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) program helped to improve access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people who inject drugs (PWID) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the time to treatment initiation (TTI) and outcomes of ART intervention in this population have scarcely been analyzed. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the TTI and outcomes of ART among MMT clients in primary health-care centers in Kuantan, Pahang. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective evaluation of MMT clients from 2006 to 2019. The TTI was calculated from the day of MMT enrolment to ART initiation. The trends of CD4 counts and viral loads were descriptively evaluated. Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze the survival and treatment retention rate. Results: A total of 67 MMT clients from six primary health-care centers were HIV-positive, of which 37 clients were started on ART. The mean TTI of ART was 27 months. The clients who were given ART had a mean CD4 count of 119 cells/mm3 at baseline and increased to 219 cells/mm3 after 6 months of ART. Only two patients (5.4%) in the ART subgroup had an unsuppressed viral load. The initiation of ART had reduced the risk of death by 72.8% (hazard ratio = 0.27, P = 0.024), and they are 13.1 times more likely to remain in treatment (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The TTI of ART was delayed in this population. MMT clients who were given ART have better CD4 and viral load outcomes, helped reduced death risk and showed higher retention rates in MMT program

Time to treatment initiation (TTI) and retrospective analysis of antiretroviral therapy (ART) outcomes among HIV-positive Methadone Maintenance Therapy clients In primary health care centres, Kuantan, Pahang.

Introduction: Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT) program improves access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people who inject drugs (PWID) with HIV-positive status. However, the time to treatment initiation (TTI) and outcomes of ART intervention in this population has scarcely been analysed. Objectives: This study aimed to analyse the TTI and outcomes of ART among MMT clients in primary health care centres in Kuantan, Pahang. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective evaluation of MMT clients’ records from the year 2006 to 2019. The TTI was calculated from the day of diagnosis to ART initiation. The trends of CD4 counts and viral loads were descriptively evaluated. Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyse the survival and treatment retention rate. Results: A total of 67 MMT clients from six primary health care centres were HIV-positive with 37 clients were started on ART. The mean TTI of ART was 27 months. The clients who were given ART had a median CD4 count of 119 cells/mm3 at baseline and increased to 219 cells/mm3 after six months of ART. Only two patients (5.4%) in the ART group had an unsuppressed viral load. The initiation of ART had reduced the risk of death by 72.8% (hazard ratio = 0.27, p=0.024), and they are 13.1 times more likely to retain in treatment (p<0.01). Conclusion: The TTI of ART was delayed in this population. MMT clients who were given ART have better CD4 and viral loads outcomes, helped reduced death risk and showed higher retention rates in the MMT program