The Role of Aeration Zone in an Integrated Phytogreen System for Bod, Cod and SS Removal from Wastewater in Conventional Oxidation Pond

Water is the basic element that we use in our daily life. The failure of proper wastewater treatment from the plant to the river stream is one of major factors for the degradation of water quality. Phytoremediation system was being started over 10 years ago and is now rapidly developing. The treatment of wastewater using specific aquatic plants has been proven to be efficient on-site. This technology removes harmful chemicals from the ground when the roots of the plants absorb water and nutrients from polluted soil, streams and groundwater. Aeration is a part of the wastewater treatment process, this process aims to remove and break several elements in wastewater. Aeration process provides oxygen to the water, increasing dissolved oxygen content to increase the oxidization of pollutants. Two samples of wastewater were taken from the aeration zone and the samples were being tested with parameters like BOD, COD and Total Suspended Solids. These parameters would then determine the standard of the water being released to the river after going through the aeration zone in an integrated phytogreen system. There were two methods of experiments being conducted to test these water parameters which were the in-situ and ex-situ experiments according to The Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA; AWWA; WEF, 2005). 5.2.1. Aeration zone has been successful in lowering the value of Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biochemical Oxygen Demand. Aeration zone has lowered 97% of BOD and 96% of COD in this study. The overall removal efficiency for BOD and COD were 98.1% and 97.6% respectively. Suspended Solids has been decreased at 85% through the aeration zone, and 90% after the overall process. The concentration of suspended solids in this integrated system was in Standard A. As a conclusion, aeration zone has enhanced several parts of the phytogreen integrated system

The performance of Pisoptera in eliminating termite and how it help in managing solid waste

Termite killer made from empty fruit bunc

The effect of static mixer on the properties and performance of aerobic granules under different organic loading rates in treating synthetic textile wastewater

Biogranulation is considered a promising technology in biological wastewater treatment due to its high effluent treatment quality, strong ability to withstand organic loading, strong microbial structure and high capability to remove organics, nitrogen and phosphate. Organic loading rate (OLR) is known as one of the significant factors in biogranulation process. Aerobic granules can be developed under different OLR conditions. Microorganisms are starved at low OLR while microbial growth accelerates at high OLR. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of various OLRs on the physical characteristics and treatment performance of aerobic granules in treating synthetic textile wastewater. Two reactors named as R4Y and R4N were used, where R4Y was a reactor with static mixer and R4N was without the static mixer. The OLR of 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 kg/m3.day were examined during the post development study. The study demonstrated that OLR affected the performance of biogranules. The physical characteristics of biogranules and removal efficiencies of the reactor with static mixer seemed to be better as compared to the reactor without static mixer with increasing of OLR. The granules of R4Y had better physical strength with IC of 19.6% and more excellent settling ability with SV of 82.7 m/h and SVI of 24.6 mL/g. The findings proved that static mixer had a positive influence in biogranulation system and therefore, will lower the energy consumption and operational cost

Development of animal feed from waste to wealth using Napier Grass and Palm Acid Oil (PAO) from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

This study is to investigate the effectiveness of feeding cattle with a mixture of palm acid oil (PAO) from palm oil mill effluent (POME), water lettuce, coconut waste and Napier grass. These materials will be mixed and form a feed formulation. This study also wants to develop a cattle feed that will help to reduce the water lettuce and coconut waste negative impact to the environment. Besides that, the best formulation of the cattle feed will be determined. The amount of each material will be different for each formula. This cattle feed will use the waste to follow the Green Technology. The formulation of the feed is based from Department of Veterinary Services Feeding Guide book. This study is focus on reducing the negative impact to the environment by utilizing the waste of POME, coconut waste and water lettuce. There are three formulation that was tested on cattle to determine the most suitable formulation. The formulation has different amount of each material. The nutrient in each formulation was calculated based on feeding guides by Department of Veterinary entitled nutrient composition of Malaysian feed materials and guides to feeding of cattle and goats. There are four cattle that was involved in this study. Three cattle were fed with the formulation. Meanwhile, the other one was fed with its regular feeds which is Napier Grass only and act as the control. The result obtained will be compared with the control cattle. The feed intake of each cattle was recorded. The result shows that the formulation is good for high growth performance of the cattle compare to the regular feeds. This is because the formulation has more nutrients in it. In fact, it has more nutrient than the cattle need to grow. The control cattle did not gain as much as formulation A. Thus, this prove that the formulation is effective compare to the regular feeds and it is cheaper. Apart from that, the high growth performance can help to cater the high demand of meats consumption

Phytoremediation and bioremediation of heavy metal from domestic wastewater by lepironia articulata, monochoria vaginalis and typha angustifolia

Wastewater from domestic effluents and industrial discharges continues contaminating freshwater resources. It could contain different chemicals and various of heavy metals. Heavy metals are toxic to human, causing water and soil pollution. The objectives of this research are to investigate the concentration of heavy metals in wastewater and to determine the percentage concentration of contaminants removal after using aquatic plants as phytoremediation agents. Three aquatic plants were used in this study; Lepironia Articulata, Monochoria Vaginalis and Typha Angustifolia. Ten parameters are used to measure the effectiveness of phytoremediation process which are; Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), pH, Turbidity, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Lead and Zinc. The results comply with Standard A in the Environmental Quality Act 1974. All three aquatic plants have 100% potential removal of Copper, Iron, Lead and Zinc metal. Oval-Leaf Pondweed (Monochoria Vaginalis) has 70% potential in removal of Chromium metal. Grey Sedge (Lepironia Articulata) has proven high percentage of removal for BOD with 85%, TSS removal with 92% and Turbidity removal with 97%. Meanwhile, Oval-Leaf Pondweed (Monochoria Vaginalis) has proven a high percentage of removal for COD, i.e., 97%

The synthetization of activated carbon from electrocoagulated palm oil mill effluent sludge for wastewater treatment

Activated carbon (AC) as an adsorbent has been used widely to remove pollutants in wastewater. Many attempts have been made to produce economically accessible AC. This paper explores the idea of producing an AC, a value-added product from the by-product, sludge produced from the electrocoagulation process of palm oil mill effluents (POME) through chemical activation. AC has different applications after its discovery as a solid and reliable adsorbent. Its microporous structure, high surface reactivity, and surface area make it versatile and viable for removing pollutants from aqueous solutions. Electrocoagulation (EC) is a process whereby contaminants are removed by generating an electric current flow through the aqueous solution by using two electrodes made of iron and immersed into the solution. Aside from the wastewater treatment, the resulting by-product of the EC process known as sludge is recovered and converted into AC. POME sludge was utilized as a precursor of AC. The sludge is then carbonized and activated with an activating agent. The activating agents are phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) solutions. The electrocoagulated sludge-based AC is characterized by its surface characteristics, elemental compositions, surface morphology, and available functional group. To validate the adsorption capacity of electrocoagulated sludge-based AC, textile dye wastewater treatment was carried out to test the efficiency of AC. The AC was used as an adsorbent to test the total suspended solids (TSS) and color removal of textile dye wastewater. The performance of this low-cost AC is comparable to that of many conventional adsorbents. Results indicate that TSS in textile dye wastewater decreased as the adsorbent dosage increased. The values of TSS removal by AC from H3PO4 activation decreased steadily compared to AC from KOH activation. Meanwhile, the color removal percentage decreased when the dye concentration increased. AC from H3PO4 activation has higher color removal percentage compared to AC from KOH activation. This shows that AC from H3PO4 activation has better adsorption due to its more extensive surface area. From BET analysis, AC by H3PO4 activation offers a higher surface area, 36.1017 m3/g, compared to AC by KOH activation, which is 8.9460 m3/g. A more extensive surface area has a higher tendency to adsorb contaminations. The findings of this work confirmed the potential use of electrocoagulated sludge-based AC as an alternative and economically adsorbent for effective dye pollution removal in wastewater

Dyes removal from textile wastewater by agricultural waste as an absorbent – A review

Water pollution from the textile industry affects environmental conditions by generating large-scale effluent mixed with various dyes. Dyes are mostly organics with multiple compound structural and molecular weight variations; if not managed properly before release, they may harm the environment and organism. However, many dyes are categorized into distinct groups, and various adsorbents for dye adsorption have been identified. Among these dyes, methyl dyes, which come in multiple colours, are the most popular in research due to their availability and accessibility. It is imperative to use effective treatments using special adsorbents to remediate water contamination before discharging into streams. As awareness of environmental issues increases with time, the need for a wide range of adaptive alternative feedstock that satisfies ecological regulations has become a priority for researchers worldwide. Therefore, there is a need to develop other adsorbents from alternatively economic raw materials such as locally available industrial and mineral waste and by-products. Additionally, numerous materials have been used, prepared, or grafted from various agricultural peel-based adsorbents. Biomass is a significant source of renewable adsorption processes for hazardous compounds, including toxic organics and metals/elements. It is much cheaper, has abundance, effective adsorption capability, and reusability, have numerous advantages over conventional materials. This review focuses on using plant agricultural wastes to remove dyes. Different adsorption capacities, operating conditions, and application forms have been investigated. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms are demonstrated to illustrate the adsorbent's properties and adsorption mechanisms

The effects of chemical modification on adsorbent performance on water and wastewater treatment - A review

Current strategies for removing inorganic pollutants from wastewater are expensive, energy-intensive, and necessitate the disposal of producing toxic waste. Hence, there is a need for an effective, selective, and cost-effective adsorbent material. Adsorption has become one of the oldest and most recognized approaches for treating water and wastewater. As an indirect observation, adsorption performance is highly influenced by the surface phenomenon (physical and chemical) of the unmodified and modified precursor. The surface chemistry with the modification method and the material's composition substantially affects the surface's functions. The chemical approach of surface activation is a process that modifies the surface properties and structure of the material to increase the adsorption efficiency. The adsorbent modification could provide a versatile, low-cost, and sustainable solution to pollution of freshwater's inorganic point source. This paper focuses on presenting a comprehensive assessment of the selection and influences of chemical modification on various well-known adsorptive feedstocks

Eco-friendly green roof from biodegradable substrate for stormwater quality improvement

Currently, there is a significant surge of interest in green roof technology for construction buildings due to its numerous environmental benefits, such as stormwater management, energy efficiency, and enhanced urban biodiversity. However, the issue of potential pollutant release from green roof substrates into runoff water, causing water pollution, needs to be addressed. To tackle this concern, a lab-scale green roof model was assessed, utilizing a biodegradable substrate made from banana peels and eggshell waste (organic fertilizer). Three models were tested: a conventional green roof (control), a green roof with chemical fertilizer, and a green roof with organic fertilizer. Various water quality parameters, including pH, total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), were evaluated. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of organic fertilizer in reducing TSS and COD levels, where the eco-friendly green roof with biodegradable substrate exhibited an impressive performance, achieving a higher COD removal percentage (78%) compared to the green roof with chemical fertilizer (50%). The utilization of organic fertilizer led to an enhancement in the quality of stormwater runoff, resulting in NPK removal percentages ranging from 17% to 25%. Additionally, the organic fertilizer fostered healthier vegetation growth, leading to a greater number of leaves compared to the chemical fertilizer. These findings highlight the potential of eco-friendly green roofs as a sustainable and effective tool for stormwater management, provided suitable substrate materials are employed

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for organic contaminants removal in water – A review

Water hyacinth (WH) is well-known as an invasive species that threatens aquatic biodiversity worldwide. Manual or physical removal of this substance from water is necessary to avoid secondary water pollution caused using chemically synthesized herbicides by its control, resulting in organic waste generation. Researchers recently recommended, among other things, this waste might be converted into adsorbents that can be used for the remediation of water resources, as well as other applications. This is critically important since clean water is still required in all aspects of life, regardless of its quality. The remediation approaches presented for the treatment of water supplies through the remediation of organic contaminants utilizing WH are discussed in this study. Research into the use of WH for phytoremediation and the removal of organic contaminants has been conducted in detail. It can be seen from this review that the overview of various works was more concerned with the removal of organic dyes from water than with any other topic. A study of the underlying mechanisms in the adsorption processes is presented in this context. Towards the end of the paper, it is suggested that future research into the use of WH to remediate water resources will aid in the water resource environmental management