Steelwork design guide using locally produced steel sections second edition

Aims principally at students who are following courses in steelwork design as well as at practicing professionals who are interested in the subject. The book consists of design calculations of building elements such as beams, columns, and connections, using locally produced steel sections. Step by step calculations in the design of these elements are presented here to assist civil engineering students and interested professionals alike. The design is based on BS 5950: Part1:1990 Structural use of steelwork in buildings using the dimensions and properties of hot-rolled steel sections produced locally by PERWAJA Steel Sdn. Bhd

The Performance of Ultrafine Palm Oil Fuel Ash in Suppressing the Alkali Silica Reaction in Mortar Bar

This study evaluates the effect of ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (POFA) on the alkali silica reaction (ASR) of mortar. To study the effectiveness of ultrafine POFA in suppressing the ASR, four different sizes of POFA were used in this study: the unground (UG), medium (MP), fine (FP), and ultrafine size (UF). Characterization of POFA was done to investigate their particle size, fineness, specific gravity, chemical composition, loss on ignition (LOI), and morphology. Initially, the pessimum effect of the sandstone aggregate was determined by blending 5, 15, 50, 75, and 100% of sandstone aggregates with the granite. POFA was then introduced as cement replacement at 0 - 40% by weight of binder. To investigate the effect of ultrafine POFA on ASR, ASTM C1260 and ASTM C1567 were adopted. The strength activity index was also determined to study the pozzolanic effect of the ultrafine POFA. Results show that the ultrafine POFA significantly increase the pozzolanic reactivity of mortar. At 14-days of testing, ultrafine POFA shows higher resistance against the alkali silica reaction (ASR) attack compared to coarser POFA. Higher level of replacement is required for coarser POFA to resist ASR attack in the mortar bar

Flood risk assessment on selected critical infrastructure in Kota Marudu Town, Sabah, Malaysia

This study investigates the risk of flood on selected critical infrastructure in a flood-prone catchment in Sabah, Malaysia. Kota Marudu, located in the Bandau floodplain, one of the Sabah’s northern water catchments, was selected as the study site due to its frequent flood occurrence and large floodplain coverage. Two of its largest rivers, namely Sungai Bongon and Sungai Bandau, tends to flood during rainy season and cause temporary displacements of thousands of people living in the floodplain. A total of 362 respondents participated in the questionnaire survey in order to gather information on historical flood occurrence. Three flood depth groups were determined, which are 1) less than 0.3 meter, 2) 0.3 – 0.6 meter and 3) more than 0.6 meter, while three categories of critical infrastructure were defined, namely transportation system, communication system and buildings. It is found that the transportation system encounters the most severe impact as flood inundation increases, where 92% of the respondents believe that the transportation access should be abandoned when flood depth is more than 0.6m. The findings of this study will be used for detailed risk assessment, specifically on the vulnerability of the critical infrastructures to flood in this floodplain

Review on the effect of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) on concrete

Previous studies show that the addition of admixtures to the concrete or mortar has given a positive result which lead to the increasing of engineering properties especially in strength. The different sizes of admixture added to the concrete also give another positive result. The more fines of the admixture sizes, more benefits the concrete will have. This paper review on the Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as a new pozzolan in the construction industry. The fineness of the admixture was compared to the fineness of the cement. Different past researcher use different method for the grinding process to get the admixture size which finer than cement size particles. Previous study done by the past researcher revealed that the higher fineness of the POFA has given a good result to the strength. It can be concluded that the fineness of POFA give good effects to the properties of the concrete or mortar

Maximizing volume of Spent Bleaching Earth Ash (SBEA) pozzolan used as cement replacement in mortar through mechanical activation

Spent bleaching earth ash (SBEA) is harmful waste from the oil refining industry that has previously exhibited pozzolanic properties and potential for use as cement replacement. Conventional pozzolanic replacements in cements are typically limited to 30 % only as excessive amounts have detrimental on cement strength. This research aimed to investigate the feasibility of increasing the level of replacement past 30 % through mechanical activation. Preliminary investigations revealed that SBEA contains sufficient silica and alumina oxides to be classified as Class N pozzolan in accordance with ASTM C618. As expected with pozzolans, the use of SBEA in cement mortar improved the 28 and 56-day compressive strengths up to 30 % substitution but at the same time also increased the water requirement. Mechanical activation was able to improve the level of substitution to 50 % through a mix of increasing pozzolanic reactivity of SBEA as well as increasing the specific surface area of its particles

SUITABILITY OF DBELA METHODS AS SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR BUILDINGS IN KOTA KINABALU, SABAH

Sabah experienced moderate seismicity in the active fault zones located in Kundasang, Ranau of 6.0 MW within minor damage recorded at Sabah recently. The damage following the earthquake and more than 100 aftershocks affected 61 buildings such as schools, hospital and mosque, 22 roads and 22 slopes. Over the past 114 years, a total of 124 with magnitudes ranging from 2.9 to 6.0 are known to have occurred. The earthquake in Sabah that struck Ranau, carrying a moment magnitude of 6.0 on 5 June recently lasted for 30 seconds. This earthquake was the strongest to affect Malaysia since 1976 in Lahad Datu. The latest thesis in the Sabah region had been carried out in Kundasang, Kudat and two buildings in KK city. The objective was to presents the evaluation of soil sample taken in Kota Kinabalu (KK) city that could possibly subjected to low intensity earthquake effects. The evaluation of determination of the soil amplification factor is used to determine the influence of soil condition on buildings in KK city. With the input motion of Whittier Narrows (6.0 Mw, ts = 0.005 s) and KKM Ranau (5.9 Mw, ts = 0.01 s), the analysis of the maximum acceleration for PGA and PSA will be varies with the use on program of NERA and DEEPSOIL V5.1. From the appendixes as shown in appendix, it is known that most of their soils are consisting of a surface alluvium layer varying the thickness in between of approximately 5 m and 20 m in refer to some researcher. Most of the soil condition is reviewed that there are soil type of B, C, D and E in according to (Technical Committe B/525, 2005). This study shows that the soil amplification factors for each location in KK city are various with the input motion of 5.9 Mw, ts = 0.01 s and 6.0 Mw, ts = 0.005 s

Interlocking compressed earth bricks as low carbon footprint building material

The building construction significantly contributes to the carbon growth due to the high carbon emissions produced by buildings and their effects on climate change. Malaysia has devoted to reduce the carbon dioxide emission by the year of 2020. Therefore, the Interlocking Compressed Earth Bricks (ICEB) has been introduced as an alternative for low carbon building material. This paper studies the carbon footprint of Interlocking Compressed Earth Bricks as a walling structure in buildings or residential houses. The Interlocking Compressed Earth Bricks system is an improvement from the conventional brick production where the brick is fabricated by compressed method (not fired), thus reducing the carbon emissions. This paper presents a cradle-to-gate carbon emission study of a multi-story residential building in a Community house in Tawau, Sabah by using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The total carbon of the buildings using conventional FCB and ICEB construction are 405.75 kgCO2/m2 and 264.50 kgCO2/m2 , respectively, which are comparable with the results of similar studies found in the literature. In order to achieve low-carbon buildings for the residential houses in Sabah, the use of ICEB as alternative materials with low carbon intensities and sustainable construction practices are suitable and recommended. The result shows that the implementation of Interlocking Compressed Earth Bricks contributes to carbon footprint reduction of 35% from the conventional and suitable to be used as a low carbon footprint building material

The hydrological performance of lightweight green roofs made from recycled waste materials as the drainage layer

Green roofs can be used for promoting infiltration and provide temporary storage spaces. Hence, in urban stormwater structural design, the investigation of the hydrological performance investigation is often required. Thus, this paper presents the results of a hydrological investigation in term of peak flow reduction and green roof’s weight using 0, 2, and 6% slope for three specimens drainage layer in green roofs. Three types of recycled waste are selected for each test bed which is rubber crumbs, palm oil shell, and polyfoam. Another test bed without a drainage layer as a control. The result indicates that rubber crumbs can be used as a stormwater control and runoff reduction while ensuring a good drainage and aeration of the substrate and roofs. From the results obtained shows that rubber crumbs are suitable as a drainage layer and a proposed slope of 6% are suitable for lightweight green roofs

Compressive strength of interlocking compressed earth brick units

This study presents a compressive strength test of ICEB units with two different methods under five condition. The first method requires that the tongue be removed by grinding the surface of the samples until the top and bottom surface are parallel with a tolerance of 0.1 mm for every 100 mm and tested with mortar filling (condition i) and without mortar filling (condition ii). The second method used steel plate which capped both the bed surfaces of the samples in order to provide the same parallel planes prior to testing for air-drying (condition iii), wet (condition iv) and oven-drying tests (condition v). The average compressive strength for the five conditions at 28 days is 5.11 N/mm2, 5.14 N/mm2, 5.66 N/mm2, 3.29 N/mm2 and 7.08 N/mm2 respectively. The ICEB units had compressive strength of more than 5 N/mm2 for all conditions, which is the minimum strength for the load-bearing brick, except for the wet condition. ICEB units tested using steel plate have a higher compressive strength compared to samples with the tongue removed. Whereas the compressive strength of ICEB units with tongue removed tested with mortar filling is 1% higher than that samples without mortar filling. The ICEB units can therefore be used as load-bearing bricks and can be tested using steel plate without the need for tongue removed and mortar filling

FLOOD VULNERABILITY OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES – REVIEW

Flood event is one of the natural disasters that increasingly threaten the safety of the people in an area. Critical infrastructure albeit important, has been shown to be vulnerable to flooding and damages to critical infrastructure element may affect large areas over a longer time period. Critical infrastructures play an important role in functioning of industries and communities and also responding against flooding to reduce their impacts. Critical infrastructures such as hospital, school, road networks and other infrastructures are important during flood event to serve as emergency services. It was found that there is difference in understanding the concept of vulnerability with varying assessments and different view. This paper briefly reviews the concept of vulnerability and discusses on the approach used for flood vulnerability of critical infrastructure by past researchers to identify and fortify the vulnerable critical infrastructure ahead of time reducing the potential damage due to flood. This paper focuses the vulnerability of critical infrastructure during flood event and also describes several approaches with a discussion on the application of the approaches used and the relevance results