Design and Simulation of a Second-Order Universal Switched- Capacitor Filter as a 10-Pin Dual-In-Line Package Integrated Circuit

This paper explains the design of a Universal (Low, High, Band and Notch) Second-Order Filter using switched capacitor (SC) technique. The design depends on the crystal oscillator circuit that generates two non-overlapping clocks by making full use of the two independent comparators of the LM741. The oscillator circuit is used to drive a switched-capacitor integrator which is used in the design of the universal second order filter. The circuit is performed as a single IC (Integrated circuit) which can be used for different standard applications. The proposed IC design differs than other IC's such as MF10 by adding the notch filter to this design for used in wide band of applications. The design is simulated using MultiSim 9 program

THE INCIDENCE OF ULTRASOUND DIAGNOSED UTERINE ABNORMALITIES RELATED TO MISCARRIAGE RATES – A LOCAL AUDIT

Introduction. Uterine abnormalities are traditionally presented as the cause of pregnancy loss at specific time of pregnancy, mostly at the first or second trimester. The aim of the current study is to use ultrasound to identify the relationship between the incidence of uterine abnormalities and miscarriage at different stages of pregnancy. Patient and method. 174 cases of women with miscarriage have been examined by transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound. The patient age was from (18 to 45) years and the data collected over eight month from five different hospitals. Results. The age group of (26-35 years) has the largest percentage of miscarriage among other tested age groups with 40.8% in (71cases). Also it was found that single miscarriage was presented in most of the cases. Miscarriage in women with uterine abnormalities was found in 46.6% of the cases. The major uterine anomalies were bicornuate, septate, arcuate and unicornuate uterus which present in (24.69%, 19.75%, 9.88% and, 7.41%) respectively. Other ultrasound findings were fibroid, cervical incompetence and endometriosis which occur in (14.81%, 13, 58 % and, 9.88%) correspondingly. Conclusions. Pregnancy loss is likely to occur in women with bicornuate and septate uterus more than any other uterine anomalies, while the incidences are fewer in women with unicornuate uterus. Furthermore, uterine fibroid is present to be one of the major uterine diseases which can have negative impact on pregnant women, also cervical incompetence and endometriosis are considered as important factors, which can cause pregnancy loss that required further evidence