Biological activities and extraction technologies of Pheonix dactylifera: a review.

Date palm (Pheonix dactylifera L.) has long been known for its medical benefits. In this review, the therapeutic properties of P. dactylifera are presented in light of the analysis of huge past reviews that reported the bioactivities of both flesh and seed of this fruit. The reported bioactivities of P. dactylifera included antioxidants, anti-cancer, aphrodisiac, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic properties. This review additionally highlights the extraction technologies (Soxhlet, maceration, heat under reflux, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and microwave assisted extraction) that were utilized as part of the extraction of P. dactylifera. This is because the quality and amount of the extraction yield depend on the extraction technology used. Accordingly, this review aims for underlining the potentials of P. dactylifera by compiling available data on the bioactivities and extraction technologies used to set the directions for the improvement of future research of this fruit

Antimicrobial potential of various solvent extracts from leaf, stem and root of Raja Berangkat (Anisophyllea disticha)

Raja Berangkat (Anisophyllea disticha) is a plant that has been utilized by folklore medicine for treating diarrhea, dysentery and fever where these symptoms can be associated with pathogenic infections like bacteria and virus. Thus this study was designed to examine the antimicrobial capability of various solvent extracts from leaf, stem and root of A. disticha against bacterial strains that included Escherichia coli, Enterococcus aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Successive soxhlet extraction was performed using hexane, dichloromethane and methanol with highest yield was recorded for the extraction of leaf in methanol with the value of 4.85%. It was further noted the extract yields in descending order followed this trend: methanol > dichloromethane > hexane for all the plant parts. Phytochemical screening conducted proved the presence of phenols, steroids as well as saponins in A. disticha. Based on antimicrobial assay by disc diffusion method (200, 400 and 600 µg/disc), leaf extracted using methanol exhibited potent growth inhibitory activity against S. epidermidis with a diameter of 7.67±0.58 mm. The results showed that methanol extraction was more efficient in extracting bioactive compounds in leaf, stem and root of A. disticha. Therefore, the result supports that these plant extracts can be used for the treatment of bacterial infections

Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of different parts of Anisophyllea disticha

Anisophyllea disticha is one of the species of genus Anisophyllea that are being used by the folklore in treating diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, revitalizing the birth canal of women, relieving weariness and body aches as well as acting as anti-aging and body refreshment. Different parts of A. disticha were tested for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). From the results, methanolic stem extract showed highest total phenolic content followed by root and leaf with mean value of 27.7 ± 4.1 mg GAE / g extract, 19.5 ± 0.9 mg GAE / g extract and 12.2 ± 1.8 g GAE / g extract, respectively. The sequence of plant parts for results obtained in DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP assay followed this trend; stem > root > leaf, which corroborate with the results obtained for total phenolic content. High positive correlation was found between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, suggesting that phenolic compounds contribute to antioxidant power of plant extracts

Optimization of bio-active compounds from stem of Anisophyllea disticha using supercritical fluid extraction technique

Background: Anisophyllea disticha is belonging to the species of genus Anisophyllea, is not pharmacologically investigated despite its high utilization by the folklore in treating diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, revitalizing the birth canal of women, relieving weariness and body aches. Objective: To optimize the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of supercritical fluid extracts of A. disticha in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Material and methods: Stem was chosen and subsequently extracted using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and further analyzed. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to optimize and examine the effect of independent variables of SFE such as temperature (50-70˚C), pressure (20-30 MPa) and concentration of co-solvent (10-20%) on TPC and antioxidant activities of A. disticha. Results: The model suggested the optimal conditions of independent variables to be 50˚C, 20 MPa and 17% with predicted TPC of 53.35 mg GAE / g extract, scavenging activity of 96.61% and reducing power of 423.66 mg Fe (II) / g extract. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for identification and quantification of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, p-coumaric, ferulic acid and quercetin) presented in A. disticha. Run 7 from SFE was chosen as it showed maximum TPC and potent activities and the responses obtained were compared with soxhlet Conclusion: The extract from SFE possessed remarkable TPC, antioxidant activities and concentration of phenolic compounds identified by HPLC, indicating its superior recovery of compounds

Phytochemical composition, biological activities and processing method of genus anisophyllea: a review

Anisophyllea disticha is one of the species of genus Anisophyllea that is not pharmacologically investigated despite its high utilization by the folklore. Leaf, stem and root of this plant are being used especially in treating diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, refreshing men’s body, revitalizing the birth canal of women after delivering the baby as well as relieving weariness and body aches. The medicinal properties of A. disticha are predicted based on a literature review that provides information on secondary metabolites present and biological activities of this genus. The most reported biological activities comprise of antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic and DNA damaging activity. From the previous studies, it can be observed that the extraction of bioactive components from this genus has been conducted using conventional method such as maceration, percolation and soxhlet. In this review, phytochemical contents, bioactivities and the methods of extraction of bioactive compounds from genus Anisophyllea have been broadly discussed. The advantages, as well as disadvantages of both conventional and non-conventional extraction methods have also been explained. Therefore, the extraction using non-conventional method like supercritical fluid extraction could provide the opportunity to obtain highly purified chemical constituents with potential in the application of various fields