Removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS) using electrocoagulation process for treatment of oleochemical wastewater

Wastewater from oleochemical industry contains high concentration glycierin, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) that can cause environmental pollution if discharged without proper treatment method. Currently, oleochemical industry used reverse osmosis membrane and submerged bed biofilm reactor to treat their wastewater. In this work, other method namely electrocoagulation treatment that capable to achieve a high removal of color, COD, biological oxygen demand (BOD) is employed. The objective of the study is to determine the optimum operating condition such as initial pH (6-9), applied current (4.0-8.0A), type of electrode (aluminium & stainless steel & and retention time (10 - 40 min) on degradation of COD and TSS in wastewater from an oleochemical industry using this process. The experimental results showed that the pollutant removal efficiencies of COD and TSS can be achieved at 62.64% and 66.12% respectively, of the initial concentration of parameters using aluminium electrode at the optimum conditions of pH 7.5, applied current 6 A and reaction time of 30 min. All the findings of the study revealed that treatment of oleochemical wastewater by electrocoagulation process at optimum conditions can be used as a treatment

Assessing storage of stability and mercury reduction of freeze-dried Pseudomonas putida within different types of lyoprotectant

Pseudomonas putida is a potential strain in biological treatment to remove mercury contained in the effluent of petrochemical industry due to its mercury reductase enzyme that able to reduce ionic mercury to elementary mercury. Freeze-dried P. putida allows easy, inexpensive shipping, handling and high stability of the product. This study was aimed to freeze dry P. putida cells with addition of lyoprotectant. Lyoprotectant was added into the cells suspension prior to freezing. Dried P. putida obtained was then mixed with synthetic mercury. Viability of recovery P. putida after freeze dry was significantly influenced by the type of lyoprotectant. Among the lyoprotectants, tween 80/ sucrose was found to be the best lyoprotectant. Sucrose was able to recover more than 78% (6.2E+09 CFU/ml) of the original cells (7.90E+09CFU/ml) after freeze dry and able to retain 5.40E+05 viable cells after 4 weeks storage at 4 °C without vacuum. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) pre-treated freeze dried cells and broth pre-treated freeze dried cells after the freeze-dry process recovered more than 64% (5.0 E+09CFU/ml) and >0.1% (5.60E+07CFU/ml). Freeze-dried P. putida cells in PEG and broth cannot survive after 4 weeks storage. Freeze dry also does not really change the pattern of growth P. putida but extension of lag time was found 1 hour after 3 weeks of storage. Additional time was required for freeze-dried P. putida cells to recover before introducing freeze-dried cells to more complicated condition such as mercury solution. The maximum mercury reduction of PEG pre-treated freeze-dried cells after freeze dry and after storage of 3 weeks was 17.91 %. The maximum of mercury reduction of tween 80/sucrose pre-treated freeze-dried cells after freeze dry and after storage 3 weeks was 25.03%. Freeze dried P. putida was found to have lower mercury reduction compare to the fresh P. putida that has been grown in agar. Result from this study may be beneficial and useful as initial reference before commercialized freeze-dried P. putida

Comparative study for activation of hydorgen peroxide by chemical reagents (Fe2+, Al3+) to reduce chemical oxygen demand in petrochemical wastewater

Environmental pollution by toxic compounds is gaining wider concern in modern developed society. The petroleum refining industry produces a large amount of wastewater due to the amount of water used in refining the processes, particularly for cooling systems and lead to increasing wastewater that will impact the environment. The aim of this research is to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) in petrochemical wastewater by activation of hydrogen peroxide using two different reagents (Fe2+, Al3+). In this research was compared several parameters to COD removals such as the effects of concentration / dosage of H2O2, concentration, and dosages of Al2(SO4)3 and concentration and dosages of FeSO4 on the removal efficiency of COD. In this study is proven the effect of Fenton’s reagent process besides the dosage between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ferrous ion (Fe2+) in the reagent that Fenton process was highly efficient to decrease COD and total suspended solid (TSS) reduction. However, addition of aluminium with hydrogen peroxide does not have any effect to remove COD. The result found that overall removal was achieved by 70% in term of COD, and 88 % in term of TSS using Fenton’s reagent process

Application Of Factorial Design To The Stress Phenomenon Of Bacillus Cereus (Atcc 14579) Growth

Background: A two level (23) factorial design of experiment (DOE) was employed to investigate the influence of nutrients concentrations and main operational parameters on the growth of Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579) in a shake flask. The factorial models have been established from experimental design to study the individual and interactions effects toward the response within the selected variables nutrient concentration (4-16gl-1), temperature (300C – 420C), agitation (140rpm-200rpm) and acclimatization time (24hours-72hours). These were statistically validated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Objective: The present study aimed to use fractional factorial design of experiment to investigate the influence of growth limiting factors to the bacterial growth in a fermenting medium of orbital shaker. Results: The results revealed that the model terms were all significant with F-value of 251.07 at (p temperature > acclimatization time. The analysis of the experimental response indicated that the interaction of nutrient concentration and temperature had the highest influence on the response. Whereas the interaction effects of nutrient and acclimatization time was found to be statistically insignificant. Based on the R2 and adjusted R2 the estimated model terms spell high degree of relationship between observed and predicted values, thus the prediction ability of the models is maintained. Conclusion: Although the interaction models terms have significant effects, their levels were only less likely comparable to linear effects. It could therefore concluded that nutrient concentration, temperature and to some extend acclimatization time were four to greatly limit growth at a specific ranges. In general, the predicted value was in reasonable agreement with the experimental data, further confirming the very good prediction ability of the model

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) Awareness Training for Process 3 Services Solution Sdn Bhd

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is one of the major polluting substances found in petroleum refinery wastewater as well as other industrial and domestic sludge. Sulfide build up may cause several side effects like corrosion of concrete sewer pipes, releasing unpleasant odors, toxicity due to sulfide gas and negative effect to subsequent wastewater. Early detection and accurate quantification of hydrogen sulphide is necessary to assure equipment integrity, to comply with regulations and to ensure safety of workers. Routine maintenance and inspection activities become non-routine when hydrogen sulphide present in the workplace is above the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) 10 mg/L and become problematic when hydrogen sulphide concentrations are above the PEL level. Occupational Safety and Health Administrations (OSHA) enforceable ceiling limit for workplace exposure is set at 20 parts per million (ppm). The National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for hydrogen sulphide is set at 15 mg/m3 (10 ppm) averaged over a 10 minute period, and that work areas in which the concentration of hydrogen sulfide exceeds 70 mg/m3 be evacuated . P3SS Sdn. Bhd. is one of the petrochemical based industries which facing direct hydrogen sulphide exposure in their jobs. The objective of this program is to conduct workshops as part of development process to generate a training methodology in hydrogen sulphide handling, hydrogen sulphide monitoring and hydrogen sulphide surveillance, to apply the knowledge of mercury awareness and proper personal protective equipment (PPE) used while handling hydrogen sulphide

Characterization of Enzyme Produced from Pseudomonas Putida for BTX (Benzene, Toluene & Xylene) Treatment in Petrochemical Industry Wastewater System

One of the big challenges in petrochemical industries is waste management. Currently, huge money was spending on the disposal of the waste. Industries are trying hard to find an alternative method to reduce the cost and improve the effectiveness of current waste management including treatment efficiency. Most of petrochemical wastes are containing benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) which are very harmful to environment and living organisms. Common method used to separate the BTX from the waste are by using liquid-liquid and stripping process. One of the alternative to treat BTX is biological treatment method that used the natural capability of microorganisms to degrade to less harmful product is been applied. Some of examples are Pseudomonas Putida. (P. putida), Rhizobium, and Agrobacterium. P. putida is selected in this study for the biological treatment of BTX in petrochemical wastewater because it can produce an enzyme that has the capability of breakdown the aromatic hydrocarbon to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). The main objective of this study is to produce and extract the enzymes produce, characterised the enzymes. This study also to investigate the effect of different concentration on the treatment as well as the growth of the bacteria. The enzyme is purified using salt precipitation and analysed using SDS_PAGE technique. UV-Vis is used to study the growth of the bacteria in the culture stock by measuring its optical density. The concentration of BTX was varied to determine the effect of the concentration on the percentage removal and the growth of P. putida. Enzymes detected or purified in this study was benzene reductase. Other expected enzymes were not able to be purified or analysed. It was found that in this experimental study, the removal of benzene is at 74% to 80%. The removal of toluene is at 62% to 75%. The removal of xylene is at 23% to 42%. Increasing the concentration of contaminants will reduce the removal capabilities

Merkuri: panduan asas pengendalian dan pengurusan

Dengan nama Allah Yang Maha Pemurah lagi Maha Mengasihani dan segala pujian untuk Allah S.W.T serta selawat dan salam kepada junjungan mulia Rasulullah S.A.W. Segala puji dan syukur kupanjatkan ke hadrat Ilahi kerana telah memberikanku kekuatan bagi menyempurnakan penghasilan buku ini. Setinggi-tinggi penghargaan yang tidak terhingga kepada penulis bersama iaitu Nur Athirah binti Mohamad Basir, Ahmad Bazli bin Bustary, Faten Ahada binti Mohd Azli, Suzana binti Che Sayuti dan Mariah binti Che Mamat. Ucapan berbanyak-banyak terima kasih kepada pihak penerbit UMP yang sentiasa menyokong serta membantu saya meneruskan penghasilan buku ini. Segala teguran dan ulasan yang diberikan akan dijadikan sebagai panduan dalam meneruskan penghasilan karya akan datang

Treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) using membrane bioreactor

Malaysia is the largest producer and exporter of palm oil. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) which is highly polluting effluent is becoming a major problem to environment as if it not being treated well before discharged based on standard limit imposed by The Malaysian Department of Environment (DOE) for effluent discharged. Samples from mixing ponds which act as activated sludge are collected and being analyze using water analyzer method to obtain parameters such as BOD, COD, suspended solid, turbidity and pH. Wastewater samples from facultative ponds are also being analyzed than mix with activated sludge treated in the bioreactor. Results from lab-scale bioreactor are used in membrane bioreactor pilot plant system to treat the wastewater. Results from bioreactor treatment in pilot plant scale show a decrement 61.2 % of BOD and 58.9% of COD, suspended solid and turbidity are also reducing up with pH in range of 5-9.After the wastewater was treated in the ultrafiltration membrane system, high quality water with total of deterioration for all parameter are up to 99.9% and pH up to7.39. This results show that the membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment system are highly effective in treating POME

Characterization of enzyme produced by Pseudomonas putida in treating mercury form petrochemical wastewater

Mercury is one of the toxic element and very harmful. The exposure of the mercury will mainly cause health effect and the exposure can be in term of dose, age of person exposed, duration exposed route exposed and duration of exposed. In Malaysia, Mercury is one of the heavy metals of concern, found in wastewaters coming from oil refinery and petrochemical industries. Mercury and mercurial compounds are highly toxic contaminants in the aquatic systems and soils. The proper disposal of wastewater should be implement with the Department of Environment of Malaysia (DOE) which is the concentration of mercury should be 0.05 ppm for standard B in wastewater for the sake of people and environment health. There are many types of mercury removal technology to reduce the concentration of mercury such as chemical treatment, ion exchange, membrane filtration, adsorption as well as bioremediation which used for mercury removal in this study. This paper present the activity of enzyme from P. putida is produced in the mercury treatment from petrochemical wastewater at optimum condition. Three different concentration of mercury which were 3 ppm, 5 ppm and 7 ppm were exposed to various temperature and shaker speed. The temperature study was measured at 33 ˚C, 37 ˚C and 41 ˚C while for speed shaker were at 140 rpm, 180 rpm and 220 rpm. P. putida growth at optimum condition in mercury different concentration was observed. Conclusion, optimum condition concentration of mercury and shaker speed at 3 ppm is 37 ˚C and 140 rpm respectively, with able to reduce 86.13 % mercury concentration. Optimum condition concentration of mercury and shaker speed at 5 ppm is 41 ˚C and 180 rpm respectively, with able to reduce 71.47 % mercury concentration. Lastly, optimum condition concentration of mercury and shaker speed at 7 ppm is 41 ˚C and 180 rpm respectively, with able to reduce 92.59 % mercury concentration. During the processes of mercury removal, mercuric reductase was produced at value of 56 kDa

Polymer sorbent for mercury removal from aqueous solution

The research study the feasibility of polysulfide sorbent (PSS) by using waste palm cooking oil and low-cost sulphur for mercury removal from aqueous solution. Mercury is known as one of the most hazardous toxic heavy metal that gives harmful to human being and environment. PSS is one of the materials that act as adsorbent to remove heavy metals. Waste palm cooking oil was used to produce PSS thus also can solved waste cooking oil management in Malaysia. The efficiency of PSS was investigated in this study based on the study of effect of initial Hg (II) concentration, contact time, pH and polymer sorbent dosage for removal of Hg (II) ion in aqueous solution. The characterization of surface morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From this study, the highest mercury removal was 95.57 % at 120 rpm of agitation speed, 4 hour of contact time, initial Hg (II) ion concentration of 1 mg/L, 2 g of sorbent dosage and pH 6