6 research outputs found
Kaplan-Meier plots of risk of <i>P. falciparum</i> infection or febrile malaria.
<p>A) Time to first PCR-confirmed <i>P. falciparum</i> blood-stage infection by <i>S. haematobium</i> (Sh) infection status at enrollment. Data shown is only for individuals who were PCR-negative for <i>P. falciparum</i> at enrollment. B) Time to first febrile malaria episode (defined as fever of ≥37.5°C and asexual parasite density ≥2500 parasites/µl on blood smear) by <i>P. falciparum</i> (Pf) and <i>S. haematobium</i> (Sh) infection status at enrollment. C) Time to first febrile malaria episode by <i>S. haematobium</i> (Sh) infection status and anemia status at enrollment. (−) negative status; (+) positive status. <i>P</i> values for log-rank analyses (all groups) are shown. Blue shading indicates time period during which praziquantel was given to all individuals who were determined to be infected with <i>S. haematobium</i> at enrollment.</p
Multiple linear regression model of parasite density at the first febrile malaria episode by different parasite density thresholds<sup>a</sup>.
<p>Abbreviations: CL, confidence limit; HbAS, sickle cell trait; NA = not assessed due to lack of individuals with heavy <i>S. haematobium</i> mono-infection in analysis.</p>a<p>Effect of infection status at enrollment on parasite density in log(parasites/µl) using a general linear model with adjustments for age, distance from home to clinic, sickle cell trait, baseline anemia status, and residence in the cluster of high <i>S. haematobium</i> transmission.</p>b<p>1–9 eggs/10 mL urine.</p>c<p>≥10 eggs/10 ml urine.</p><p>Multiple linear regression model of parasite density at the first febrile malaria episode by different parasite density thresholds<sup><a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003154#nt111" target="_blank">a</a></sup>.</p
Effect of baseline <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> mono-infection, <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> mono-infection, and co-infection on first or only malaria episode (with anemia interaction term)<sup>a</sup>.
<p>Abbreviations: CL, confidence limit; HR, hazard ratio; HbAS, sickle cell trait.</p>a<p>Risk of first or only malaria episode was adjusted for age, distance from home to river, sickle cell trait, anemia status at baseline, residence in the cluster of high <i>S. haematobium</i> transmission, and roof type in the classic Cox proportional hazards model with inclusion of interaction terms between anemia status and the two covariates with <i>S. haematobium</i> infection (anemia*co-infection and anemia*<i>S. haematobium</i> mono-infection).</p><p>Effect of baseline <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> mono-infection, <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> mono-infection, and co-infection on first or only malaria episode (with anemia interaction term)<sup><a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003154#nt109" target="_blank">a</a></sup>.</p
Study participants and risk analysis flow chart.
<p>Study participants and risk analysis flow chart.</p
Spatial distribution of <i>S. haematobium</i> and <i>P. falciparum</i> infections in Kalifabougou, Mali at enrollment (May 2011).
<p>Shapes indicate infected and uninfected cases as noted. Large colored circles show significant, unadjusted clusters: green circle = cluster of co-infected cases in May 2011 (27 cases, n = 158, relative risk [RR] = 6.51, <i>P</i><0.0001, Bernoulli model); red circles = clusters of <i>P. falciparum</i> infections in May 2011 (cluster 1: 35 cases, n = 41, RR = 1.90, <i>P</i><0.001; cluster 2: 12 cases, n = 12, RR = 2.15, <i>P</i> = 0.04, Bernoulli model). Map data: Landsat image obtained from <a href="http://glovis.usgs.gov" target="_blank">glovis.usgs.gov</a> (latitude: 12.952, longitude: −8.173, imagery date: March 2011).</p
Effect of baseline <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> mono-infection, <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> mono-infection, and co-infection on first or only malaria episode<sup>a</sup>.
<p>Abbreviations: CL, confidence limit; HR, hazard ratio; HbAS, sickle cell trait.</p>a<p>Risk of first or only malaria episode was adjusted for age, distance from home to river, sickle cell trait, anemia status at baseline, residence in the cluster of high <i>S. haematobium</i> transmission, and roof type in the classic Cox proportional hazards model.</p><p>Effect of baseline <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> mono-infection, <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> mono-infection, and co-infection on first or only malaria episode<sup><a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003154#nt107" target="_blank">a</a></sup>.</p