Learning and knowledge transfer in Africa-China joint ventures : an exploratory study

À l’heure des diverses controverses sur la présence de la Chine en Afrique, les études sur la nature et l’ampleur des relations qu’entretiennent ces deux régions continuent d’affluer. La Chine, puissance économique en émergence, continue d’accroître son internationalisation vers l’Afrique. En effet, la Chine est aujourd’hui le premier partenaire économique et commercial de l’Afrique. Le continent africain est aussi en émergence avec notamment plusieurs pays au plus haut taux de croissance économique au monde. Ces dynamiques se traduisent par des rapprochements croissants notamment entre les entreprises des deux régions. Cette thèse s’intéresse à cet émergent rapprochement. Elle apporte ainsi une contribution dans le débat sur les motivations et retombées de ce rapprochement. Le premier article aborde la controverse sur la présence chinoise en Afrique particulièrement en contrastant les regards occidentaux et du sud à travers une revue exhaustive et critique de la littérature relative aux discours dominants ou marginalisés. Les résultats indiquent que les études existantes restent discutables et nécessitent davantage de rigueur scientifique. Le deuxième article examine 29 coentreprises sino-africaines dans 12 pays d’Afrique sous l’angle d’apprentissage et du transfert de connaissances. Les résultats indiquent que les partenaires chinois emploient cinq stratégies majeures pour monopoliser leurs connaissances en fonction du pouvoir disponible et du type de connaissances. L’article propose un modèle dynamique de gestion de connaissances. Le troisième article aborde l’apprentissage et le transfert de connaissances selon la perspective du capital social et des informalités organisationnelles. Les résultats indiquent des Africains entreprenants, ayant souvent utilisé des mécanismes sociaux informels, voire même clandestins, pour acquérir des connaissances. Le quatrième article analyse les faiblesses des Africains en matière de transfert de connaissances. Il combine les perspectives stratégique et institutionnelle pour un meilleur transfert de connaissances. L’analyse souligne la nécessité de corriger ces faiblesses et d’adopter une démarche dichotomique pour développer un cadre intégrateur de formulation de politiques et stratégies de développement de connaissances. La conclusion présente les contributions théoriques et pratiques de l’étude et la portée des résultats. Elle souligne aussi les limites de l’étude et propose des perspectives futures de recherches. Mots-clés : Apprentissage organisationnel ; transfert de connaissances ; acquisition de connaissances ; partage de connaissances ; apprentissage ; Afrique ; Chine ; sino ; coentreprise ; alliance ; stratégie ; gestion de connaissances ; politique.Amidst various controversies concerning China’s influence in Africa, studies on the nature and extent of the relationship between these two regions are increasing. China, an emerging economic power, continues internationalization into Africa. China is now the largest trading partner of Africa, a continent emerging with one of the highest economic growth rates in the world. These dynamics have resulted in increasing rapprochement between companies from the two regions. The current research focuses on the emerging debate on African and Chinese motivation for this rapprochement. The first paper in this dissertation discusses Chinese presence in Africa and contrasts the Western and Southern perspectives through a comprehensive and critical review of the literature. The results indicate that greater scientific rigor is required in existing studies that are considered controversial. The second paper examines learning and knowledge transfer in 29 Africa-China joint ventures in 12 African countries and proposes a dynamic model for knowledge control. Chinese partners employ five strategies to control their knowledge assets according to the available power and the type of knowledge. The third paper discusses learning and knowledge transfer from the perspective of social capital and organizational informalities. The results indicate that entrepreneurial Africans use informal or sometimes unconventional social mechanisms to acquire knowledge. The fourth paper analyzes Africans’ institutional and organizational weaknesses with respect to knowledge transfer. This paper combines strategic and institutional perspectives toward better transfer of knowledge. The results indicate major weaknesses and suggest an approach toward an integrative framework for strategy and public policy formulation for knowledge development. The conclusion presents the theoretical and practical contributions of this study, highlights its significance, underlines the limitations, and finally offers research avenues. Keywords: Organizational learning; knowledge transfer; knowledge acquisition; knowledge sharing; learning; Africa; China; Sino; joint venture; alliance; strategies; knowledge management; policy

Chinese Expatriates Working with African Partners: Power Struggles and Knowledge Hiding

Purpose: The study explores African partners’ experiences regarding Chinese expatriates’ knowledge control practices in 29 Sino-African joint ventures (JVs) in 12 countries. It provides insights into power dynamics and knowledge transfer (KT) from African partners’ perspective. Methodology: The qualitative paper mobilized semi-structured interviews with Africans who worked with Chinese expatriates across Africa. The study focused on understanding the experiences of African partners when collaborating with their Chinese expatriate colleagues on assignments in JVs in Africa. Findings: Chinese expatriates employed five tactics, as described by African partners, to control knowledge based on power, behaviors, and knowledge type. Particularly, through the lens of unofficial power, this study explains knowledge hiding tactics between knowledge-holding Chinese expatriates and host country knowledge-seeking locals. A new dimension of authority-based knowledge hiding is discovered. Originality: The paper brings new insights to the analysis of power (official and unofficial) boundaries regarding knowledge control mechanisms in JV collaborations between employees from China and Africa. Unofficial power appeared as a major leverage for expatriates in monopolizing their strategic knowledge. The study recommends mobilizing African diaspora and repatriates from China to improve knowledge transfer for Africa

International Business Research Challenges in Africa: Knowledge creation and institutional perspectives

Purpose: This study explores the challenges researchers in/on Africa face when conducting research on the continent. It examines the reasons behind Africans’ relatively limited contribution to the business literature in the global sphere and why not culturally sensitive and nuanced research on Africa is spreading unchallenged. Methodology: The study combines knowledge creation and institutional theories to explain why African business scholars struggle in researching the continent and in contributing significantly to global knowledge creation. It also explores the debate about why Africa’s narratives in business seem dominated by not culturally sensitive and nuanced voices and approaches. It uses a participant observation method. Findings: The study found that African scholars have not yet contributed significantly to global knowledge creation because of Africa’s institutional weaknesses and lack of government support for research, coupled with challenges at the interviewing, organizational, and scholars’ levels. The study points to the specificities of the continent as well as to African interviewees’ particularities and the type of interactions with the researchers. The paper proposes new avenues to address those multilevel challenges and offers key lessons for future studies. Originality: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to systematically investigate the fundamental reasons behind business research challenges in/on Africa from knowledge creation and institutional standpoints. This study also contributes to the growing debate on Africans’ meagre contribution to business literature as well as the controversy regarding culturally-sensitive vs. not culturally-sensitive knowledge creation on Africa. Finally, it proposes avenues to understanding and overcoming those challenges

Learning and Knowledge Transfer in Africa-China JVs: Interplay between Informalities, Culture, and Social Capital

This study examines 29 Africa-China JVs from 12 African countries to explore the ways in which African partners gain knowledge and learn from their Chinese counterparts. Based on the perspectives of social capital, cultural difference, and informalities, we analyze the strategies, behaviors, and tactics employed by Africans both at the individual and at the organizational levels to gain knowledge within JVs. By using a multiple case study method with semi-structured interviews, we find that African partners actively take advantage of multiple cultural and social capital-related factors to support learning. Africans often use informal, even clandestine, mechanisms to manage cultural differences and build trust in order to gain knowledge. Theoretically, the structural, relational, and cognitive aspects of social capital are found to be important in exploiting opportunities through informal actions and the creation of informal contexts more conducive to learning and knowledge transfer. The presented findings provide new insights into knowledge-seeking JVs, particularly in the Africa-China context, because they propose a not-yet-explored perspective that explains learning through the exploitation of informalities