Inégalités régionales et développement humain

Cet article se propose de mesurer les inégalités du développement humain des régions marocaines en utilisant, pour la première fois, la méthode de l’Indice du développement humain ajusté aux inégalités. Les régions marocaines présentent de forts écarts de développement humain. Les disparités apparaissent cependant plus flagrantes dans le domaine du revenu. Les présentes estimations pour le Maroc montrent une disparité importante, en termes de développement humain, entre les régions : les régions du Sud et les pôles économiques continuent de se positionner en tête du développement. Un autre constat est que malgré la progression du niveau de développement humain, les pertes dues aux inégalités ont tendance à augmenter. Par rapport à Eddakhla Oued-Eddahab, le retard du développement humain des autres régions est de treize ans pour Souss-Massa et vingt-et-un an pour Drâa-Tafilalet

Segmentation d'images couleur par combinaison LPE-régions/LPE-contours et fusion de régions. Application à la segmentation de toitures à partir d'orthophotoplans

D un point de vue général, les travaux de recherche de cette thèse s inscrivent dans le cadre d une approche globale quiconsiste à extraire des informations relatives aux toitures de bâtiments à partir de photos aériennes (orthophotoplans). L objectifétant de pouvoir reconnaître des toitures extraites d images aériennes en utilisant une base de connaissances, puisaffiner/déformer des modèles 3D générés automatiquement à partir de données géographiques. Pour cela, une premièreétape consiste tout d abord à partitionner l image aérienne en différentes régions d intérêt (pans de toiture, cheminées,chiens assis, fenêtres, etc.), c est la contribution de cette thèse.La méthodologie permettant d atteindre cet objectif est composée de trois étapes : (i) Une étape de simplification qui consisteà simplifier l image initiale avec un couple invariant/gradient approprié et optimisé pour l application. Pour cela, unesérie de tests permettant de choisir, d une part, l invariant colorimétrique le plus approprié parmi 24 invariants et, d autrepart, le meilleur gradient parmi 14 gradients issus de la littérature est réalisée. (ii) La deuxième étape comporte deux stratégiesde segmentation par LPE. L image simplifiée est segmentée d une part par une LPE-régions couplée à une stratégiede fusion de régions, et d autre part, par une LPE-contours. Le processus de fusion de régions intègre des critères defusion fondés sur des grandeurs radiométriques et géométriques adaptés aux particularités des orthophotoplans traités.Une technique de caractérisation 2D des arêtes de toitures par une analyse des segments est proposée afin de calculerl un des critères de fusion. (iii) La troisième étape consiste à combiner les avantages de chaque méthode dans un mêmeschéma de segmentation coopératif afin d aboutir à un résultat de segmentation fiable. Les tests ont été effectués sur unorthophotoplan contenant 100 toitures de complexité variée et évaluées avec le critère de VINET utilisant une segmentationde référence afin de prouver la robustesse et la fiabilité de l approche proposée. Une étape de comparaison permettantde situer les résultats obtenus via notre approche proposée par rapport à ceux obtenus pas les principales méthodes desegmentation de la littérature est finalement effectuée.The work presented in this thesis is developed in a global approach that consists in recognizing roofs extracted from aerialimages using a knowledge database, and bending out 3D models automatically generated from geographical data. Themain step presented in this thesis consists in segmenting roof images in different regions of interest in order to provideseveral measures of roofs (section of roofs, chimneys, roof light, etc).The method aimed at achieving this goal is composed of three principal steps: (i) A simplification step that consists insimplifying the image with an appropriate (optimized for the application) couple of invariant/gradient. For that, several testshave been performed to choose a suitable colorimetric invariant among a set of 24 invariants and define the best gradientamong 14 gradients (eight gray level gradients and six color gradients) of the literature. (ii) The second step is composedof two main treatments: On the one hand, the preliminary orthophotoplan segmentation is produced using the watershedregions applied on the simplified image. An efficient region merging strategy is then applied in order to deal with theover-segmentation problem. The regions merging procedure includes a merging criteria adapted to the orthophotoplanparticularities. In order to calculate one of the merging criteria, a 2D modeling of roof ridges strategy is proposed. Onthe other hand, the simplified image is segmented by the watershed lines. (iii) The third step consists in integrating bothsegmentation strategies by watershed algorithm into a single cooperative segmentation scheme to achieve satisfactorysegmentation results. Tests have been performed on an orthophotoplan containing 100 roofs with varying complexity andevaluated with VINET criteria using a ground truth image segmentation. Comparison results with five popular segmentationtechniques of the literature demonstrates the effectiveness and the reliability of the proposed approach.BELFORT-UTBM-SEVENANS (900942101) / SudocSudocFranceF

MPPT Fuzzy Logic Control of a Variable Speed Wind Turbine

This work is focused on the control of a wind turbine system based on (PMSG). In order to enhance the efficiency of the wind turbine system, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control is applied to exploit the maximum power from the wind. The Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) has been proposed and developed for the speed control. The simulation results show good performances of this control

Do Education and Employment Play a Role in Youth’s Poverty Alleviation? Evidence from Morocco

In Morocco, youth represent a large segment of society, but there are multiple structural constraints, such as unemployment, particularly among graduates, which exposes them to a great risk of poverty. Using data from the Household Consumption and Expenditure National Survey 2014, this article explores the determinants of youth poverty, focusing on the role of education and employment. Two indicators of poverty are used. The first one is a binary short-term indicator showing whether the young in a given household are poor or not at the threshold of 60% of the median annual expenditure. The second is a poverty measure of the long-term economic status or what is called the Wealth Index, computed using the Principal Component Analysis method. The results from both the logit and the quantile regressions show that being more educated constitutes a rampart against poverty for young people. By contrast, access to employment is not enough to guarantee a decent level of well-being. Moreover, there are no gender differences, but poverty seems higher among rural young and those between 15 and 19 years old compared to those who reside in the urban areas and who are between 20 and 29 years old, respectively. Youth poverty is also significantly associated with family/household characteristics such as education and employment of the other members and household size

Youth’s Poverty and Inequality of Opportunities: Empirical Evidence from Morocco

Youth is an important and critical transition stage towards adulthood, during which time individuals are supposed to prepare in the best possible conditions for adulthood. Moroccan youth are facing unequal opportunities to develop because of the circumstances of their household background and childhood deprivation. This paper measures the level of poverty and the equality of opportunities among Moroccan youth aged 18–29 years utilizing the Human Opportunity Index (HOI). It analyzes poverty from a multidimensional perspective. The findings demonstrate that younger youth are at substantially higher risk of poverty than older young. Poor youth have low educational attainments. The unemployment rate for the non-poor youth is lower than for the poor. Unemployment rates continue to be high for secondary and university graduates, particularly for the poor. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that education deprivation followed by healthcare deprivation is the most prevalent severe deprivation among youth. The results from both the logit regression and the descriptive analyses show that youths of illiterate parents are more likely to have poorer health, drop out of school themselves, and work rather than attend school. Youth in rural areas are least likely to have the opportunity to complete secondary and university education as well as to attend school/university than those in urban areas. Moreover, the decomposition of the total difference of HOI between urban and rural areas into access and equality of opportunities indicates that the differences are mainly due to the coverage effect

Do Education and Employment Play a Role in Youth’s Poverty Alleviation? Evidence from Morocco

In Morocco, youth represent a large segment of society, but there are multiple structural constraints, such as unemployment, particularly among graduates, which exposes them to a great risk of poverty. Using data from the Household Consumption and Expenditure National Survey 2014, this article explores the determinants of youth poverty, focusing on the role of education and employment. Two indicators of poverty are used. The first one is a binary short-term indicator showing whether the young in a given household are poor or not at the threshold of 60% of the median annual expenditure. The second is a poverty measure of the long-term economic status or what is called the Wealth Index, computed using the Principal Component Analysis method. The results from both the logit and the quantile regressions show that being more educated constitutes a rampart against poverty for young people. By contrast, access to employment is not enough to guarantee a decent level of well-being. Moreover, there are no gender differences, but poverty seems higher among rural young and those between 15 and 19 years old compared to those who reside in the urban areas and who are between 20 and 29 years old, respectively. Youth poverty is also significantly associated with family/household characteristics such as education and employment of the other members and household size

Youth’s Poverty and Inequality of Opportunities: Empirical Evidence from Morocco

Youth is an important and critical transition stage towards adulthood, during which time individuals are supposed to prepare in the best possible conditions for adulthood. Moroccan youth are facing unequal opportunities to develop because of the circumstances of their household background and childhood deprivation. This paper measures the level of poverty and the equality of opportunities among Moroccan youth aged 18–29 years utilizing the Human Opportunity Index (HOI). It analyzes poverty from a multidimensional perspective. The findings demonstrate that younger youth are at substantially higher risk of poverty than older young. Poor youth have low educational attainments. The unemployment rate for the non-poor youth is lower than for the poor. Unemployment rates continue to be high for secondary and university graduates, particularly for the poor. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that education deprivation followed by healthcare deprivation is the most prevalent severe deprivation among youth. The results from both the logit regression and the descriptive analyses show that youths of illiterate parents are more likely to have poorer health, drop out of school themselves, and work rather than attend school. Youth in rural areas are least likely to have the opportunity to complete secondary and university education as well as to attend school/university than those in urban areas. Moreover, the decomposition of the total difference of HOI between urban and rural areas into access and equality of opportunities indicates that the differences are mainly due to the coverage effect

-dimensional dyonic AdS black holes with quasi-topological electromagnetism in Einstein Gauss–Bonnet gravity

Within Gauss–Bonnet gravity, we construct a solution endowed with dyonic matter fields in a higher dimension. The quasi-topological electromagnetism generates two kinds of contributions; one is the kinetic terms, and the second refers to the interactif terms. This overcomes the invariance topological problem. We investigate the thermodynamical proprieties of the obtained solution, namely, ADM mass, Hawking temperature, and entropy. To inspect the local stability, we examine the associated heat capacity. With regards to optical proprieties, we analyze the null geodesic in terms of the given parameter space. The shadow radius is a generating form with all the physical parameters that govern the shadow behavior. The study restricts only the taking of the effects of the D and $$\alpha$$ parameters. Finally, we examine the impact of the dimension D, GB coupling constant $$\alpha$$, the cosmological constant $$\Lambda$$, the electric $$q_e$$, the magnetic charge $$q_m$$ and the coupling constant $$\beta$$ on the energy emission rate

Gut Microbiome-Mediated Mechanisms in Alleviating Opioid Addiction with Aqueous Extract of <i>Anacyclus pyrethrum</i>

The escalating rates of morbidity and mortality associated with opioid use disorder (OUD) have spurred a critical need for improved treatment outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the impact of prolonged exposure to Fentanyl, a potent opioid, on behavior, biochemical markers, oxidative stress, and the composition of the gut microbiome. Additionally, we sought to explore the therapeutic potential of Anacyclus pyrethrum in mitigating the adverse effects of Fentanyl withdrawal. The study unveiled that chronic Fentanyl administration induced a withdrawal syndrome characterized by elevated cortisol levels (12.09 mg/mL, compared to 6.3 mg/mL for the control group). This was accompanied by heightened anxiety, indicated by a reduction in time spent and entries made into the open arm in the Elevated Plus Maze Test, as well as depressive-like behaviors, manifested through increased immobility time in the Forced Swim Test. Additionally, Fentanyl exposure correlated with decreased gut microbiome density and diversity, coupled with heightened oxidative stress levels, evidenced by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced levels of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). However, both post- and co-administration of A. pyrethrum exhibited substantial improvements in these adverse effects, effectively alleviating symptoms associated with OUD withdrawal syndrome and eliciting positive influences on gut microbiota. In conclusion, this research underscores the therapeutic potential of A. pyrethrum in managing Fentanyl withdrawal symptoms. The findings indicate promising effects in alleviating behavioral impairments, reducing stress, restoring gut microbiota, and mitigating oxidative stress, offering valuable insights for addressing the challenges of OUD treatment