Chromatogram for specificity study.

<p>Chromatogram for specificity study.</p

Representative chromatographic peaks obtained during analytical method development.

<p>Representative chromatographic peaks obtained during analytical method development.</p

Development and evaluation of Chitosan nanoparticles based dry powder inhalation formulations of Prothionamide

<div><p>Prothionamide (PTH), a second line antitubercular drug is used to administer in conventional oral route. However, its unpredictable absorption and frequent administration limit its use. An alternate approach was thought of administering PTH through pulmonary route in a form of nanoparticles, which can sustain the release for several hours in lungs. Chitosan, a bio-degradable polymer was used to coat PTH and further freeze dried to prepare dry powder inhaler (DPI) with aerodynamic particle size of 1.76μm. <i>In vitro</i> release study showed initial burst release followed by sustained release up to 96.91% in 24h. <i>In vitro</i> release further correlated with <i>in vivo</i> study. Prepared DPI maintained the PTH concentration above MIC for more than 12h after single dose administration and increased the PTH residency in the lungs tissue more than 24h. Animal study also revealed the reduction of dose in pulmonary administration, which will improve the management of tuberculosis.</p></div

Structure of efavirenz.

<p>Structure of efavirenz.</p

Development and evaluation of Chitosan nanoparticles based dry powder inhalation formulations of Prothionamide - Fig 1

<p>FTIR of pure PTH (1a) and physical mixture of PTH, Chitosan, Inhalable grade lactose (1b).</p

Gradient program for the mobile phase during analytical method development.

<p>Gradient program for the mobile phase during analytical method development.</p

Chromatogram for precision study.

<p>Chromatogram for precision study.</p

Bio-distribution of PTH in free and nanoparticles form.

<p>Bio-distribution of PTH in free and nanoparticles form.</p

Bactericidal activity and inhibition of antibiotics by DNA, F-actin, LPS and LTA.

<p>A) Bactericidal concentrations of free tobramycin (F-TOB) and liposomal tobramycin (L-TOB) were incubated in presence of LPS/LTA (1 to 1000 mg/L). B) Bactericidal concentrations of free polymyxin B (F-PMB) and liposomal polymyxin B (L-PMB) were incubated in presence of DNA/F-actin/LPS/LTA (125 to 1000 mg/L). Growth controls are represented at 0 h (empty bar), and 3 h (dark bar). Comparisons between free and liposomal formulations were made by ANOVA one-way post <i>t</i>-test, and <i>P</i>-values were considered significant when (**) <i>p</i><0.01, (***) <i>p</i><0.001.</p

Bactericidal activity and inhibition of antibiotics by LPS and LTA.

<p>A) Bactericidal concentrations of free tobramycin (F-TOB) and liposomal tobramycin (L-TOB) were incubated in presence of LPS/LTA (1 to 1000 mg/L). B) Bactericidal concentrations of free polymyxin B (F-PMB) and liposomal polymyxin B (L-PMB) were incubated in presence of LPS/LTA (1 to 1000 mg/L). Growth controls are represented at 0 h (empty bar), and 3 h (dark bar). Comparisons between free and liposomal formulations were made by ANOVA one-way post <i>t</i>-test, and <i>P</i>-values were considered significant when (***) <i>p</i><0.001.</p