Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was USD 92 492 million using approach 1 and USD 73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was USD 95 004 million using approach 1 and USD 75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially.publishedVersio

Synthesis, Characterization and Effect of ?-Ray on Rare-Earth Tb3+ Doped Nano LiMn2-xTbxO4 Lithium Manganates

Pure nano lithium manganese oxide spinel (LiMn2O4) and doped Tb3+ lithium manganese oxide spinel, [LiMn2-xTbxO4, (x = 0.01%, 0.02%)], are synthesized via solid-state method. The synthesized LiMn1.99Tb0.01O4 was irradiated by ?-irradiation with 30 kGy. The resulting spinel product is characterized by various methods such as thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive of x-rays analysis (EDAX), electron spin resonances (ESR) studies and DC–electrical conductivity measurements. The XRD and SEM confirm the nano materials size for all prepared samples. DC–electrical conductivity measurements indicates that these samples are semiconductor and the activation energy decreases with increasing rare-earth Tb3+ content; ?Ea= 0.427 eV for LiMn1.99Tb0.01O4, ?Ea= 0.339 eV for LiMn1.98Tb0.02O4 and decreases to ?Ea= 0.330 eV for ?-irradiation of LiMn1.99Tb0.01O4 nano spinel thus in role increases its attractiveness in modern  electronic technology. Abou-Sekkina activation energy for the induced ?-irradiation is evaluated for the first time, which was found to be 0.097 eV. Keywords: Nano lithium manganates, Tb3+ doping spinel, ? –Ray effec

Electrochemical Degradation of Reactive Yellow 160 Dye in Real Wastewater Using C/PbO 2 -, Pb + Sn/PbO 2 + SnO 2 -, and Pb/PbO 2 Modi�ed Electrodes

ree modi�ed electrodes (C/PbO 2 , Pb + Sn/PbO 2 + SnO 2 , and Pb/PbO 2 ) were prepared by electrodeposition and used as anodes for electrochemical degradation of Reactive Yellow 160 (RY160) dye in aqueous solution. Different operating conditions and factors affecting the treatment process including current density, temperature, initial concentration of (RY160), pH, conductive electrolyte and time of electrolysis were studied and optimized. e best degradation occurred in the presence of NaCl (4 g L −1 ) as a conductive electrolyte. Aer 15 min, nearly complete degradation of RY160 was achieved (97.9%, 96.65 and 95.35% using C/PbO 2 , Pb+Sn/PbO 2 + SnO 2 , and Pb/PbO 2 electrodes, resp.) at pH 7.13. Higher degradation efficiency was obtained at 25 ∘ C. e optimum current density for the degradation of RY160 on all electrodes was 50 mA cm −2 . e prepared C/PbO 2 , Pb+Sn/PbO 2 + SnO 2 and Pb/PbO 2 electrodes were found to be highly efficient in the treatment of effluents obtained from dyeing factory which contain RY160 dye with very slight matrix effect

A Facile Microwave Assisted Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of 5-Phenyl-1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives for Chemotherapeutic Use

This paper deals with an efficient synthesis of some 2-amino-5-substituted phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles by using both conventional and microwave methods for chemotherapeutic use. The obtained results confirmed that, microwave assisted technique is efficient, eco-friendly, and inexpensive method which not only gives higher yield but also reduces the reaction time significantly. The structural elucidation of the prepared compounds was carried out by the aid of IR, 1H NMR, UV-Vis and mass spectral analyses. Compounds Sa-Sf showed antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella enterica and Proteus vulgaris (Gram-negative bacteria) and Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus(Gram-positive bacteria) at low concentrations (10–1000 µg/mL).Â

Recognition of phonetic Arabic figures via wavelet based Mel Frequency Cepstrum using HMMs

This work describes the recognition of phonetic Arabic figures. Speech recognition technology has made steady progress in its 50 years history and has succeeded in creating several substantial applications. The goal of speech recognition research is to produce a machine which will recognize accurately the normal human speech from any speaker. To improve the performance of recognition system, an effective and robust technique is proposed to extract speech feature. The input speech signal is decomposed into various frequency channels based on time-frequency multi-resolution property of wavelet analysis. For capturing the characteristics of the signal, the Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients “MFCCs” of the wavelet channels are calculated. Hidden Markov Models “HMMs” were used for the recognition stage. Different forms of wavelet functions were used to evaluate the best wavelet signal to extract the best features of the signals. It is found that the wavelet signal “db8” gives the highest values of recognition accuracy rate. A recognition rate of 98% was obtained using the proposed feature extraction technique. A comparison between different features of speech is given. The features based on the Cepstrum give accuracy of 94% for speech recognition while the features based on the short time energy in time domain give accuracy of 92%. The features based on formant frequencies give accuracy of 95.5%. It is clear that the features based on MFCCs with accuracy of 98% give the best accuracy rate. So the features depend on MFCCs with HMMs may be recommended for recognition of the spoken Arabic digits

Metal Chelates of Sulfafurazole Azo Dye Derivative: Synthesis, Structure Affirmation, Antimicrobial, Antitumor, DNA Binding, and Molecular Docking Simulation

A series of divalent and one trivalent metal chelates of the azo ligand resulting from coupling of sulfafurazole diazonium chloride with resorcinol have been designed and synthesized. Structure investigation of the isolated chelates have been achieved by applying spectroscopic and analytical tools which collaborated to assure the formation of the metal chelates in the molar ratios of 1L: 1M for Ni(II), Co(II), and Fe(III) chelates, where Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes formed in the ratio 2L : 1M. The geometrical arrangement around the metal canters was concluded from UV-Vis spectra to be octahedral for all metal chelates. The attachment of the ligand to the metal ions took place through the azo group nitrogen and o-hydroxyl oxygen through proton displacement leading to the ligand being in monobasic bidentate binding mode. Antimicrobial and antitumor activities of the interested compounds have been evaluated against alternative microorganisms and cancer cells, respectively, in a trial to investigate their extent of activity in addition to docking studies. The mode of interaction of the compounds with SS-DNA has been examined by UV-Vis spectra and viscosity studies

Copper based azo dye catalysts for phenoxazinone synthase mimicking efficiency: Structure characterization and bioactivity evaluation

The ligands, 4-(2-Hydroxy-naphthalen-1-ylazo)-N-thiazol-2-yl-benzenesulfonamide (H2TNBS) and N-(3,4-Dimethyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-4-(2-hydroxy-naphthalen-1-ylazo)-benzenesulfonamide (H2INBS), synthesized in the current investigation have been characterized and used for synthesizing divalent copper complexes by their reaction with a number of Cu(II) salts. Spectral and analytical methods have been applied for structures’ investigation. Morphology of the synthesized compounds have been investigated using TEM technique which joint with the results of X-ray powder diffraction spectroscopy confirmed the precipitation of both ligands and their complexes in the nanometric scale. Formation of the synthesized complexes in 1:1 or 2:1 (M:L) ratio was asserted by analytical results. Ultraviolet–visible spectra and magnetic moment were used to demonstrate the geometry around the Cu centers to be 4 coordinated square planar. The compounds under interest have been screened against selected microorganisms including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, unicellular and multicellular fungus showing, in most compounds, enhancement of activity upon chelation. The cell lines A-549 (human lung cancer cell line) and Panc-1 (human pancreatic cancer cell line) have been chosen to check the antitumor efficiency of the synthesized compounds; Vinblastine was used as standard. Finally, the Cu(II) chelates were investigated toward mimicking the protein phenoxazinone synthase using o- aminophenol (OAP) as substrate and DMF is the solvent. The results presented extremely high activity for the chloro complex 4 and nitro complex 6 with TOF numbers from 390.48 and 467.01 h−1, respectively. The least activity afforded by the acetato complexes 2 and 5

Trace the exploitation of Egyptian rice straw through spectral and thermal measurements

Cellulose from rice straw obtained at low sodium hydroxide solution concentration with high quality was used to obtain different cellulose derivatives through xanthation. Cellulose was then treated with carbon disulfide in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The viscose obtained was characterized with both chemical and instrumental analyses, namely, IR spectra, TGA and DTA analysis as well as SEM (scanning electron microscopy)