Analisis Naratif Fasa Kehidupan Miskawayh (932-1030 M): Narrative Analysis on the Life Phases of Miskawayh (932-1030 M)

Miskawayh is an important figure in the development of Islamic ethical philosophy. The synthesis between Greek philosophy and Islamic knowledge which he developed in the Middle Ages is considered a significant innovation in the formation of Islamic ethical philosophy. Miskawayh’s scholarship can be seen in his career commitment and in academic circles during his stay in his hometown Rayy and Baghdad. Though Miskawayh’s biography has been widely presented, his biographical narrative in this study is needed to ascertain his life changes based on different phases of his life. Therefore, this qualitative study will discuss the biography of Miskawayh. A biographical narrative analysis of Miskawayh found four major phases in his life. The first phase (up until the age of about 20) was when he obtained basic Islamic knowledge and studied chemistry. The second phase was between 956 AD and 963 AD in Baghdad. During that period of time, he was involved in the discussion of philosophy and dealing with moral issues. The third phase was in 963 AD in Rayy, Iran, where he dedicated his time studying various themes of writing and teaching. The fourth phase was between 976 AD and 1030 AD, at the age of 44 until his death at the age of 96 in Iṣfahān, Iran. During this phase, he was active in philosophical writings and refining ethics. Due to the breadth of Miskawayh’s knowledge and experience, his writings on ethics have been influential, especially his magnum opus entitled Tahdhīb al-Akhlāq that has received a substantial amount of attention from the Islamic and Western scholars to this day. This work written to the end of Miskawayh’s life proved his scholarly interest in philosophy, self-development, and career. ABSTRAK  Miskawayh merupakan seorang tokoh penting dalam perkembangan ilmu falsafah akhlak. Sintesis falsafah Yunani dengan ilmu Islam yang telah dilakukan oleh beliau pada abad pertengahan dianggap sebagai suatu inovasi yang signifikan dalam pembentukan ilmu akhlak Islam. Kesarjanaan Miskawayh boleh dilihat melalui komitmennya terhadap kerjaya dan dunia akademik sepanjang beliau berada di Rayy, Iran kota kelahirannya dan juga ketika berada di Baghdad. Walaupun biografi Miskawayh telah banyak dibentangkan, naratif biografi beliau di dalam kajian ini diperlukan bagi mengenal pasti perubahan hidup Miskawayh berdasarkan kepada fasa kehidupannya yang berbeza. Oleh itu, kajian berbentuk kualitatif ini akan membahaskan tentang biografi Miskawayh. Analisis naratif terhadap biografi tersebut mendapati bahawa Miskawayh telah melalui empat fasa penting dalam kehidupannya. Fasa pertama (sehingga usiannya kira-kira 20 tahun) ialah ketika beliau mendapatkan ilmu asas Islam dan mempelajari tentang ilmu kimia. Fasa kedua ialah antara 956 sehingga 963 Masihi di Baghdad. Ketika ini beliau terlibat dengan perbincangan falsafah dan berhadapan dengan masalah akhlak. Fasa ketiga pula ialah pada tahun 963 Masihi di Rayy, Iran di mana beliau telah mendedikasikan masanya untuk menelaah pelbagai tema penulisan dan mengajar. Fasa yang keempat ialah pada 976 Masihi iaitu ketika usianya mencecah 44 tahun sehingga beliau meninggal dunia pada 1030 Masihi pada usia 96 tahun di Iṣfahān, Iran. Pada fasa ini, beliau aktif dalam penulisan falsafah dan melakukan mujahadah dalam akhlak. Oleh kerana keluasan ilmu dan pengalaman yang telah dilalui oleh Miskawayh dalam empat fasa ini, penulisan beliau tentang akhlak terutamanya di dalam magnum opus yang bertajuk Tahdhīb al-Akhlāq menjadi sebuah karya yang berpengaruh dan mendapat perhatian pengkaji Islam dan Barat sehingga kini. Karya yang telah ditulis di penghujung hayat Miskawayh ini telah membuktikan kesarjanaan beliau dalam ilmu falsafah, hal pembangunan kendiri serta kerjaya. &nbsp

[Online Learning Challenges for Islamic Studies Programs in Higher Education Institutions (IPT)] Cabaran Pembelajaran Online bagi Program Pengajian Islam di Insitusi Pengajian Tinggi (IPT)

The rapid development of multimedia technology has witnessed the high dependence of 21st century society on technology. Not to mention living in a movement control environment following the COVID-19 pandemic, causing almost everything to be done online. In the field of higher education, online learning has been introduced earlier and it is in line with the Malaysian Higher Education Development Plan (PPPM PT) 2015-2025. Online learning has proven to have advantages especially in terms of flexibility, however, there are issues in terms of student readiness, instructors and infrastructure. While in the field of Islamic Studies (especially in the study of the Quran), the traditional method that needs to be preserved is the method of talaqqī mushāfahah which emphasizes the relationship between teachers and students face to face. Therefore, this paper analyzes several issues and challenges for the implementation of online studies for Islamic Studies programs in IPT. The study uses content analysis methods on previous studies on issues and problems in online studies as well as studies on the method of talaqqī mushāfahah which is often used in Islamic Studies, especially in the study of the Qur'an. The results of the study found that the issues and challenges in online studies for Islamic Studies program are almost the same as other studies, namely the readiness of students and lecturers, the stigma that teaching can only be done face to face, the readiness of facilities, the negative effects of technology and the importance of continuity of talaqqī. While the proposed solution that can be considered is to provide good infrastructure and services for students and lecturers, the preparation of lecturers and institutions as well as the construction of a new model of talaqqī in accordance with online learning methods. Therefore, the findings of this study provide preliminary information to answer the question of how traditional aspects of Islamic studies such as talaqqī can be preserved in the development of online studies and whether talaqqī methods can be adapted to new and innovative forms as e-talaqqi. Perkembangan pesat teknologi multimedia telah menyaksikan kebergantungan yang tinggi masyarakat abad ke-21 kepada teknologi. Apatah lagi hidup dalam suasana kawalan pergerakan berikutan pandemik COVID-19, menyebabkan hampir semua urusan dilakukan secara online. Dalam bidang pendidikan tinggi, pengajian online telah diperkenalkan lebih awal lagi dan ianya menepati Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia Pendidikan Tinggi (PPPM PT) 2015-2025. Pengajian online terbukti mempunyai kelebihan terutamanya dari aspek fleksibiliti namun begitu, terdapat isu dari aspek kesediaan pelajar, pengajar dan prasarana. Manakala dalam bidang Pengajian Islam (terutamanya dalam pengajian al-Quran), kaedah tradisi yang perlu dipelihara adalah kaedah talaqqī mushāfahah yang menekankan hubungan guru dengan murid secara bersemuka. Justeru, penulisan ini menganalisis beberapa isu dan cabaran bagi perlaksanaan pengajian online bagi program Pengajian Islam di IPT. Kajian menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan terhadap kajian lepas tentang isu dan masalah dalam pengajian online dan juga kajian berkenaan dengan kaedah talaqqī mushāfahah yang sering diguna pakai dalam Pengajian Islam khususnya dalam pembelajaran al-Quran. Hasil kajian mendapati, isu dan cabaran yang dalam pengajian online bagi program Pengajian Islam adalah hampir sama dengan pengajian lain iaitu kesediaan pelajar dan pensyarah, stigma bahawa pengajaran hanya dapat dilakukan secara bersemuka, kesediaan prasarana, kesan negatif daripada teknologi serta kepentingan kesinambungan talaqqī. Manakala cadangan penyelesaian yang boleh dipertimbangkan ialah menyediakan infrastruktur dan perkhidmatan yang baik untuk pelajar dan pensyarah, persediaan pensyarah dan institusi serta pembinaan model talaqqī yang baharu sesuai dengan kaedah pembelajaran online. Oleh itu, dapatan kajian ini memberikan maklumat awal untuk menjawab persoalan bagaimana aspek tradisi pengajian Islam seperti talaqqī dapat dipelihara dalam perkembangan pengajian online dan adakah kaedah talaqqī boleh disesuaikan dengan bentuk yang baru dan diinovasi sebagai e-talaqqi

Risiko Gangguan Seksual di dalam Rumah kepada Remaja: The Risk of Sexual Harassment in House to Teenagers

Sexual harassment is a sexually oriented act committed against another person either verbally, non-verbally, physically, or emotionally. Sexual harassment can occur to female teenagers whether they are inside or outside home. This quantitative study used questionnaires that were analysed using SPSS 2.0. The objective of the study is to explore the extent of domestic sexual harassment risk on female teenagers while they are at home. A total of 84 girls from the age of nine to fifteen in Selangor participated in this study where they have received consent from their parents and guardians to participate in this study. This study found that 7.14% of the participants admitted that they like to wear sexy clothes at home and had watched pornographic videos with close family members such as father, brother, uncle, and grandfather. The findings revealed that they had experienced sexual harassment by their family members if they do not maintain the Islamic manners in addition to being excessively exposed to the unlimited information technology facility. The findings also showed that there are unsafe elements towards female teenagers at home if the family well-being mechanism is not properly and well maintained. The implications of this study suggested a development of a mobile application to identify the initial signs of sexual harassment towards female teenagers. ABSTRAK Gangguan seksual merupakan perlakuan berbaur seks yang dilakukan terhadap individu lain sama ada berbentuk lisan, bukan lisan, fizikal atau emosi. Gangguan seksual boleh berlaku kepada remaja perempuan ketika mereka berada di dalam atau di luar rumah. Metodologi kajian menggunakan kaedah tinjauan yang melibatkan kajian kuantitatif dan dianalisis menggunakan perisian statistik SPSS 2.0. Objektif kajian adalah untuk meneroka sejauh mana risiko gangguan seksual berlaku kepada remaja perempuan sewaktu di dalam rumah.  Seramai 84 orang remaja perempuan yang berusia sembilan hingga 15 tahun di negeri Selangor telah mendapat kebenaran daripada ibu bapa dan penjaga masing-masing untuk menjadi peserta kajian. Kajian mendapati seramai 7.14% remaja perempuan mengakui suka berpakaian seksi di rumah dan pernah menonton video pornografi bersama ahli keluarga terdekat seperti bapa, abang, bapa saudara serta datuk. Dapatan juga menunjukkan mereka mengalami gangguan seksual dalam kalangan ahli keluarga sekiranya mereka tidak menjaga adab-adab Islam disamping banyak terdedah dengan kemudahan teknologi maklumat yang tiada batasan. Dapatan juga menunjukkan wujudnya elemen yang tidak selamat kepada anak-anak remaja perempuan yang berada dalam rumah sekiranya mekanisme kesejahteraan keluarga tidak dipelihara dengan baik dan betul. Implikasi kajian ini mencadangkan pembangunan sebuah aplikasi mudah alih bagi mengenalpasti tanda-tanda awal gangguan seksual yang berlaku kepada remaja perempuan

Kefahaman mahasiswa Muslim lembah Klang tentang konsep hak kebebasan beragama di Malaysia : The understanding of Klang valley Muslim students on the concept of religious freedom in Malaysia

Konsep hak kebebasan beragama yang difahami berdasarkan kepada prinsip Islam dan Perlembagaan Negara tidak bersifat mutlak dan terbatas. Rentetan itu, terbentuknya beberapa kumpulan Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) baru seperti IFC (Islam Interfaith Commision) atau nama sebenarnya IRC (Inter Religious Centre), Kumpulan Artikel 11 dan COMANGO (Coalition of Malaysian NGOs in the UPR Process) atau Gabungan Pertubuhan Bukan Kerajaan Malaysia yang menuntut agar hak kebebasan beragama difahami secara terbuka sepertimana yang termaktub di dalam Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 1948. Antara isu yang seringkali dikaitkan dengan hak kebebasan beragama di Malaysia ialah isu murtad atau menukar agama. Oleh yang demikian, kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti tahap kefahaman mahasiswa Muslim di Lembah Klang tentang konsep hak kebebasan beragama di Malaysia. Kajian adalah berbentuk kuantitatif dan tinjauan yang akan menggunakan set soal selidik sebagai instrumen untuk mendapatkan data. Sampel seramai 404 orang responden telah dipilih dengan menggunakan kaedah persampelan bertujuan (purposive sampling) dalam kalangan mahasiswa Muslim yang sedang mengikuti pengajian di institusi pengajian tinggi awam dan swasta di sekitar Lembah Klang. Kajian mendapati tahap kefahaman mahasiswa Muslim di Lembah Klang tentang konsep hak kebebasan beragama adalah tinggi dengan skor min 4.32 (sp = 0.82). Dapatan ini menunjukkan bahawa walaupun terdapat isu tentang hak kebebasan beragama serta pelbagai tuntutan yang telah dibuat oleh beberapa NGO yang mempromosikan konsep hak kebebasan yang baru dan terbuka, mahasiswa Muslim masih lagi mengekalkan konsep kefahaman hak kebebasan beragama yang menepati Perlembagaan Negara dan prinsip Islam

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium report, data summary of 50 countries for 2010-2015: Device-associated module

•We report INICC device-associated module data of 50 countries from 2010-2015.•We collected prospective data from 861,284 patients in 703 ICUs for 3,506,562 days.•DA-HAI rates and bacterial resistance were higher in the INICC ICUs than in CDC-NHSN's.•Device utilization ratio in the INICC ICUs was similar to CDC-NHSN's. Background: We report the results of International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2010-December 2015 in 703 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific. Methods: During the 6-year study period, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Healthcare Safety Network (CDC-NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 861,284 patients hospitalized in INICC hospital ICUs for an aggregate of 3,506,562 days. Results: Although device use in INICC ICUs was similar to that reported from CDC-NHSN ICUs, DA-HAI rates were higher in the INICC ICUs: in the INICC medical-surgical ICUs, the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection, 4.1 per 1,000 central line-days, was nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.8 per 1,000 central line-days reported from comparable US ICUs, the overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher, 13.1 versus 0.9 per 1,000 ventilator-days, as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection, 5.07 versus 1.7 per 1,000 catheter-days. From blood cultures samples, frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (29.87% vs 10%) and to imipenem (44.3% vs 26.1%), and of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (73.2% vs 28.8%) and to imipenem (43.27% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC ICUs compared with CDC-NHSN ICUs. Conclusions: Although DA-HAIs in INICC ICU patients continue to be higher than the rates reported in CDC-NSHN ICUs representing the developed world, we have observed a significant trend toward the reduction of DA-HAI rates in INICC ICUs as shown in each international report. It is INICC's main goal to continue facilitating education, training, and basic and cost-effective tools and resources, such as standardized forms and an online platform, to tackle this problem effectively and systematically