DOES SCHOOL COOPERATIVE PROGRAM INCREASE ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION? A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELLING APPROACH

Purpose of the study: The primary purpose of this empirical research is to investigate the impact of school cooperative involvement on entrepreneurial intention among Malaysian secondary school students. The school cooperative program was introduced in Malaysia in 1968, and presently, 2421 school cooperatives are operating nationwide. Despite so, the impact of school cooperative towards students’ entrepreneurial intention remains unclear. Methodology: This research employed the quantitative method, using a cross-sectional survey. The data collected from secondary school students in the East Coast Peninsular of Malaysia involve three states, namely Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang. The study employed the Covariance Based Structural Equation Modelling (CB SEM) to analyze the data using the Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) graphic. Principal finding: The result shows that the students’ involvement in the school cooperative increases their entrepreneurial intention. Applications of this study: The Malaysian government should focus on nurturing entrepreneurship in schools. The Ministry of Education (MOE) and Angkatan Koperasi Kebangsaan Malaysia (ANGKASA) need to enforce assessments on participating students to ensure the effectiveness of this entrepreneurship education program. Moreover, school administrators should support the school cooperative owing to its positive impact on students. Novelty/Originality of this study: This research delivers the best way to increase entrepreneurial intention by measuring the impact of students’ involvement in school cooperatives. Also, the paper proposes a framework for enhancing entrepreneurial intention by clarifying the Theory of Students’ Involvement. Consequently, this research fills the previous research gap on entrepreneurial intention and lack of information on Malaysian school cooperatives

[The Relationship Between Students’ Understanding of IR 4.0 with The Use of ICT in Learning] Hubungan antara Kefahaman Pelajar Tentang IR 4.0 Dengan Penggunaan ICT Dalam Pembelajaran

The availability of communication and information technology (ICT) facilities have played an important role in making the learning and programming process (PdPc) successful in the 21st century. ICT has become a great medium for facilitating information sharing and discovery, especially in the education world. However, our country concerns about teachers' readiness to accept reforms in education. In addition, the level of ICT in teachers is still low and poor internet access is hindering the use of ICT among teachers, especially teachers who teach in rural schools. Therefore, this study aims to look at the relationship of ICT usage among students in the state of Terengganu with the advent of the industrial revolution 4.0. This study is a quantitative study by descriptive review and inference. The questionnaire was used as a research instrument to collect data and a total of 102 regular daily SMK students in Terengganu were selected as the study sample. The data of this study were analysed by descriptive and inferential analysis involving percentage, frequency, mean score, “Independent Samples T-Test” and correlation. The findings of this study indicate that there is no significant difference in the level of understanding of IR 4.0 based on gender and school location factors. The study also found that there was no significant difference in the use of ICT as a medium of learning based on school location. However, there is a significant correlation between the understandings of IR 4.0 on the use of ICT in learning. Therefore, it can be concluded that students in Terengganu state ICT as a means of gaining and sharing knowledge as well as the medium of learning today. The results of this study are expected to provide important information to the Ministry of Education Malaysia (KPM) in enhancing ICT integration in the PdPc process in schools.   Kewujudan kemudahan teknologi komunikasi dan maklumat (ICT) berperanan penting dalam menjayakan proses pembelajaran dan pemudahcaraan (PdPc) pada abad ke-21. ICT telah menjadi medium perantara yang baik dalam memaksiumkan perkongsian dan pencarian informasi khususnya dalam dunia pendidikan. Namun, Negara kita menghadapi masalah mengenai kesediaan guru untuk menerima pembaharuan dalam pendidikan. Selain itu juga, tahap pengusaan ICT dalam kalangan guru-guru masih rendah dan capaian internet yang lemah menjadi kekangan penggunaan ICT dalam kalangan guru, terutamanya guru yang mengajar di sekolah luar Bandar. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan penggunaan ICT dalam kalangan pelajar di negeri Terengganu seiring dengan kemunculan revolusi industri 4.0. Kajian ini merupakan kajian kuantitatif secara tinjauan deskriptif dan inferensi. Soal selidik digunakan sebagai instrumen kajian untuk mengumpulkan data dan seramai 102 orang pelajar SMK harian biasa di Terengganu dipilih sebagai sampel kajian. Data kajian ini dianalisis secara analisis deskriptif dan analisis inferensi yang melibatkan peratusan, kekerapan, skor min, “Independent Samples T-Test” dan korelasi. Dapatan kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan tahap kefahaman IR 4.0 berdasarkan faktor jantina dan lokasi sekolah. Kajian juga mendapati tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan penggunaan ICT sebagai medium pembelajaran berdasarkan lokasi sekolah. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat perkaitan yang signifikan antara kefahaman tentang IR 4.0 terhadap penggunaan ICT dalam pembelajaran. Justeru, dapat disimpulkan bahawa pelajar-pelajar di negeri Terengganu menjadikan ICT sebagai wadah menimba dan berkongsi ilmu pengetahuan serta menjadi medium pembelajaran masa kini. Hasil kajian ini diharapkan dapat memberi maklumat penting kepada Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (KPM) dalam usaha meningkatkan pengintergrasian ICT dalam proses PdPc di sekolah-sekolah

Gain More Insight from Common Latent Factor in Structural Equation Modeling

There is a great deal of evidence that method bias is really sure influences item validities, measurement error, correlation and covariance between latent constructs and thus leading the researchers to erroneous conclusion due to inflation or deflation during hypothesis testing. To remedy this, the study provides a guideline to minimize the method bias in the context of structural equation modeling employing the covariance method (CB-SEM) using medical tourism model. A practical approach is illustrated for the identification of method bias based on the new construct namely common latent factor. Using this latent construct, we managed to identify which item has potential to permeate more variance from common latent factor. Nevertheless, we figure out that the method bias is do not exist in our developed model. Therefore, this measurement model is appropriate for structural model in order to achieve the research hypotheses. We hope that this discussion will help the researchers anticipate which items are likely exposed on method bias before proceed to advance modeling