Extraction of essential oils from Zingiberaceace famili by using Solvent-free Microwave Extraction (SFME), Microwave-assisted Extraction (MAE) and hydrodistillation (HD)

Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is a combination of dry and wet distillation with microwave heating. Both methods were compared with hydrodistillation (HD) for the extraction of essential oil from three types of rhizomes in Zingibereaceace family: Mango ginger (Curcuma amada), Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb), and Black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa). Better results were obtained with SFME and MAE in terms of rapidity with 1 h extraction time using SFME and MAE vs. 4 h of extraction time using HD. SFME and MAE gives highest yield of essential oils at every second during the extraction process compared with HD

Comparison of microwave extraction technique and conventional extraction technique for extracting essential oils from lemongrass, tumeric and ginger

The purpose of this research is to compare the performance between two techniques of extraction which are Microwave Extraction Technique (MET) and Conventional Extraction Technique (CET) in extracting essential oils from Lemongrass, Ginger and Turmeric by using wet distillation (WD), dry distillation (DD) and hydro distillation (HD) methods in term of efficiency, rapidity, the yield of oil and the quality or composition of oil. The important parameters in the extraction process such as time, temperature and microwave power output were controlled to obtain high yield essential oils. The MET is performed at 450 W of irradiation power and temperature about 100°C for 1 hour using WD and DD. The CET is performed using HD at 450 W of extraction power and temperature 100°C for 4 hours. The absorbed power of microwave irradiation for WD and DD are also estimated to determine the method with higher value of absorbed power. A higher absorbed power means it is more efficient. The MET provides a rapid extraction 4 times faster compared to CET. After 1 hour of extraction using MET, the total yield of essential oils is about the same with 4 hours extraction using CET. During WD, it requires only 8 to 12 minutes to achieve the boiling point of water (100.00±1.00°C) whereas DD requires 8 to 15 minutes. However, HD requires 15 to 17 minutes to achieve the boiling point of water. From the 300.000 ± 0.001g actual weight of Lemongrass, the highest yield of essential oils per second is using the DD method which gives 10.4 ´ 10 -5% compared to WD with 8.97 ´ 10 -5% and DD with 2.09 ´ 10 -5% . It is different with Ginger and Turmeric, the WD method gives them the highest yield of essential oil per second. For Ginger, the total yield of essential oil per second using WD is 3.85 ´ 10 -5% , higher than DD(1.06 ´ 10 -5%) and HD(0.96 ´ 10 -5%). For Turmeric, the total yield per second using WD is 19.79 ´ 10 -5% , which is very high compared to DD with 4.17 ´ 10 -5% and HD with 3.65 ´ 10 -5% . The absorbed power of fresh sample mixture, ( )mfs PA Vol during DD is estimated to be higher than WD and this implies that DD is the more efficient method for the heating process. Another parameter is number of days to soak the samples. Generally, the longer time taken to soak the sample will produce more yields but this depends on the type of sample. Lemongrass and Turmeric gave the highest yield (0.49% and 0.69%) after 3 days of soaking. However it is vice versa for ginger. Ginger gives the highest yield of essential oils (0.14%) without soaking. The chemical component of the samples was identified using GC-MS. From the results, it was found that MET produced good quality of essential oils compared to CET where the oxygenated compound dominated in all the samples used. From the three samples used, Lemongrass is of better quality of essential oil followed by Turmeric and Ginger with oxygenated fraction of 94.73%, 90.56% and 46.69%

Extraction of essential oils from Zingiberaceace famili using microwave techniques

The essential oil from ZingiberaceaceFamili has many potential, especially in medicine, cosmetic and food industries. Therefore, therequirement to get the highest yield as well as good quality of essential oil gives the motivation of this research. Nowadays, the conventional extraction, especially in the commercial factory uses a lot of energy, high cost and a lot of extraction times. To overcome these disadvantages, microwave extraction technique (MET) which known as the best alternative extraction methods in terms of the producing of essential oil at shorter time was used at various extractions process parameters. Besides that, the undertaken in this thesis includes the performance of heating process in terms of the absorption power and the electric field strength. The main goal of this research is to study the various factors using microwave-assisted extraction that influences the production of essential oil in terms of the total yield and the total percentages of the oxygenated compound from Zingiberaceace Family’s essential oil (Java turmeric, Mango ginger, Black turmeric and Turmeric). Laboratory studies were carried out at different factors such as the different power of heating source using microwave-assisted extraction, the amount of water added into the fresh and frozen samples, the soaking time of the sample, and the dry sample with different drying methods. Basically, the sample with solvent (distilled water) was put in the container with a hole on top of the cover and the container will placed inside the Microwave Extraction Laboratory System (MELs) which is the laboratory microwave oven. The distillation unit was connected with the container and the extraction process parameter was controlled by using the terminal controller-personal computer where the EasyWave 3.5 software program was installed. The yield of essential oil was collected and stored until used.For Java turmeric, the unique parameter that gives higher yields (6.37 %) is at the combination of dried sample mixture using an open air drying method, 200 ml of water and 600 W of microwave power heating. For Mango ginger, the unique parameter that gives higher yields (1.22 %) is at the combination of dried sample mixture using the electric oven drying method, 200 ml of water and 600 W of microwave power heating. For Black turmeric, it produces higher yields (1.26 %) with the combination of these unique parameter; dried sample mixture using a microwave oven drying method, 200 ml of water and 600 W of microwave power heating. For Turmeric, the highestyields (2.25 %) were obtained with the combination of these unique parameter; dried sample mixture using an open air drying method, 200 ml of water and 600 W of microwave power heating. This indicates that every sample has its own parameter to produce the highest yield of essential oil and among those samples, the dried sample was found to be a unique parameter that produce high yield. This happens due to the cell wall of the sample’s structures that already destroy and allow the extraction of essential oil easily. The second goal is to analyzechemical compounds, especially the percentage of oxygenated compound. This analysis was using gas chromatography –mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and found that at every experimental order, it reveals the same compound but different abundance. This happens due to the heating conditions as some compounds were very sensitive. Following the optimum parameter that give higher yield of essential oils, the total percentages of oxygenated compound that used to identify the quality of essential oilis at64.16%, 73.24%, 64.54% and 77.20% for Java turmeric, Mango ginger, Black turmeric and Turmeric. That means, among all the sample, the essential oil from Turmeric was estimated to be the best oil compared to others. Every experimental order successfully extracted the compounds known to have many advantages such as antimicrobial, analgesic, and antifungal like cedr-8-ene, ar-curcumene, camphor, caryophylleneoxide, α-curcumene, eucalyptol, ar-turmerone, curlone and turmerone. The third goal was comparing theperformance of the extraction microwave method (solvent free microwave extraction, SFME and microwave-assisted extraction, MAE) and conventional method (Hydro-distillation, HD)in terms of the yield and the percentages of oxygenated compound.The extraction was done in one combination of extraction process parameter. Microwave-assisted extraction method was determined to give the best result in terms of the total yieldas water assist in the extraction process. However, the hydro-distillation was found to produce high percentage of oxygenated compound. These indicate that different techniques of extraction play an important role in the production of essential oil. From the research, microwave-assisted extractionwas revealed as a best extraction method in terms of the producing the total yield of essential oil and as many factors influencing the production of essential oil, the result of the combination of extraction process parameter can be used for further research. The extraction process parameter does not affect the compound in the essential oil, but affect the total abundance. This happens due to the compound that very fragile and vanishes at certain condition

Microwave dielectric properties of four types of rhizomes from Zingiberaceace family

The dielectric properties of four types of rhizomes from Zingiberaceace families, namely Java turmeric, Mango ginger, Black turmeric and Turmeric were measured. The non-destructive measurement technique was adopted for the measurement using HP-85070B open-ended coaxial line probe coupled with a computer-controlled Automated Network Analyzer (ANA) at the frequency range of 0.13–20 GHz which is in the microwave frequency region. The dielectric properties of all samples are presented graphically to show the dependence of these properties on moisture content and frequency. The results show that the dielectric properties of samples follow the trend of dielectric properties of deionised water. The dielectric constant decreased with increase in frequency and the dielectric loss factor decreased in low frequency before increasing at 1.5 GHz and above. The penetration depths for all samples were calculated. The results show that they were only dependent upon the moisture at low frequency (≤ 10 GHz)

Amylase economic and application value

The years of the research in biotechnology has boosted the importance of enzymes in industry, as well as advanced characteristics of using bioprocess rather than chemical synthesis in their preparation. Enzymes are important in biological processes because they accelerate specific biochemical reactions to produce a useful product or effect. Enzymes are widely used in industrial processes due to their low cost, large productivity and vast availability. Amylases are one of the most important enzymes in present-day biotechnology. Amylases contribute to world enzyme market about 25-30%. The estimated value of world market of amylase industry is about US$ 2.7 billion at 2012 and estimated to increase by 4% annually. α-amylase has variable wide applications. Textile de-sizing based on thermo-stable bacterial amylase covers about 12% of amylase market. α-amylase uses a very small quantity of bio-catalysis in bio-washing products instead of very high quantity of chemical detergents. In food production, enzymes are preferred to alternate the chemical based technology. α-amylase is strongly integrated with medical and pharmaceutical applications. These applications include therapeutic and diagnostic tools for managing a quite number of diseases ranging from ordinary problems to gene therapy by correcting the enzyme deficiency