An Insight into Different Strategies for Control and Prophylaxis of Fasciolosis: A Review

Fasciolosis is one of the important diseases of livestock and has zoonotic importance. Fasciolosis can cause huge economic losses due to decrease in milk and meat production, decreased feed conversion ratio, and cost of treatment. Treatment and prophylaxis strategies for Fasciola infection are formed based on epidemiological data. The control of Fasciola infection can be attained by treating the animals with active anthelmintics. The use of different combinations of anthelmintics with a possible rotation is more effective against immature as well as adult flukes. Control of the intermediate host (snail) is vital for the reduction of fasciolosis. Due to the rapid growth of snails, the eradication is quite difficult in waterlogged and marshy areas. The use of different grazing methods and treatment of grazing areas can also help to control fasciolosis. A variety of antigens generated by Fasciola spp. have been shown to protect against liver fluke infection. The crude antigens, excretory/secretory, and refined antigens and their combination can be used as prophylactic treatment for the control of fasciolosis. The use of any of the single or combination of these methods can be very effective for the control of fasciolosis

A study protocol : using demand-side financing to meet the birth spacing needs of the underserved in Punjab Province in Pakistan

Background: High fertility rates, unwanted pregnancies, low modern contraceptive prevalence and a huge unmet need for contraception adversely affect women's health in Pakistan and this problem is compounded by limited access to reliable information and quality services regarding birth spacing especially in rural and underserved areas. This paper presents a study protocol that describes an evaluation of a demand-side financing (DSF) voucher approach which aims to increase the uptake of modern contraception among women of the lowest two wealth quintiles in Punjab Province, Pakistan. Methods/Design: This study will use quasi-experimental design with control arm and be implemented in: six government clinics from the Population Welfare Department; 24 social franchise facilities branded as `Suraj' (Sun), led by Marie Stopes Society (a local non-governmental organization); and 12 private sector clinics in Chakwal, Mianwali and Bhakkar districts. The study respondents will be interviewed at baseline and endline subject to voluntary acceptance and medical eligibility. In addition, health service data will record each client visit during the study period. Discussion: The study will examine the impact of vouchers in terms of increasing the uptake of modern contraception by engaging private and public sector service providers (mid-level and medical doctors). If found effective, this approach can be a viable solution to satisfying the current demand and meeting the unmet need for contraception, particularly among the poorest socio-economic group

Modification of cellulose ether with organic carbonate for enhanced thermal and rheological properties: Characterization and analysis

Reduction in viscosity at higher temperatures is the main limitation of utilizing cellulose ethers in high thermal reservoir conditions for petroleum industry applications. In this study, cellulose ether (hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC)) is modified using organic carbonates, i.e., propylene carbonate (PC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC), to overcome the limitation of reduced viscosity at high temperatures. The polymer composites were characterized through various analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), H-NMR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), -potential measurement, molecular weight determination, and rheology measurements. The experimental results of structural and morphological characterization confirm the modification and formation of a new organic carbonate-based cellulose ether. The thermal analysis revealed that the modified composites have greater stability, as the modified samples demonstrated higher vaporization and decomposition temperatures. -potential measurement indicates higher stability of DEC- and PC-modified composites. The relative viscometry measurement revealed that the modification increased the molecular weight of PC- and DEC-containing polymers, up to 93,000 and 99,000 g/moL, respectively. Moreover, the modified composites exhibited higher levels of stability, shear strength and thermal resistance as confirmed by viscosity measurement through rheology determination. The observed increase in viscosity is likely due to the enhanced inter- and intramolecular interaction and higher molecular weight of modified composites. The organic carbonate performed as a transesterification agent that improves the overall properties of cellulose ether (HEMC) at elevated temperatures as concluded from this study. The modification approach in this study will open the doors to new applications and will be beneficial for substantial development in the petroleum industry

Perceived Solutions for Pacifying Instructors’ Aggressive Behavior in K-12 Education

Effective teaching and learning depend on good conduct, which is also a crucial educational consequence that society should demand. If we do not deliver the good order and good results that society expects from teachers, they will become more impatient and uninformed. The main purpose of this study was to explore the aggressive behavior of educators. The objective of the study was to find out the solutions that can replace the teachers’ negative attitude with a positive attitude. Population of the study consisted of all students (621) during the year 2020-2021 from the Federal Government Boys School & Colleges, Rawalpindi. Random sampling technique was used in the selection of sample. Self-structured Questionnaire was used as a research tool with five-point Likert Scale. It is possible to improve the performance of students by changing the attitude of teachers and there is a need for training to improve teachers' professional skills. Teachers should be a part of workshops on modern teaching methods. They should provide recreational opportunities with students and should be trained to sense students' thoughts, feelings and emotions. Teachers should attend conferences to provide awareness of students' individual difference

The impact of marketing mix (5 Ps) elements on sales of UPS: A case of Karachi Market – Buyer’s perspective

This paper gives an analytical insight about the influencing impact of marketing mix 5 P’s (Product, Price, Promotion, Packaging, and Placement) on sales of UPS industry for Karachi market from a buyer’s point of view. Since all P’s of marketing mix have its own level of impact on sales but vary from product to product and market to market. Pakistani UPS market is to huge extent undocumented and untouched having very high level of competition and low profit margin. We have the 5 P’s as our independent variables whereas sales as dependent variable. Collection of primary data have been done through a questionnaire comprising of mixed questions like 5-likert scale, MCQs, open ended, and rating scale based on the buyers’ opinions. The collected data were analyzed through multiple regressions to know the significance of relationship of individual P of marketing mix with sales by using t-test and the strength and nature of relationship by Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. The overall significance of model was tested through ANOVA. The descriptive statistics were also used to determine average level of point of views as well as the variation in the buyers’ opinions. The final result of this study reveals that out of 5 only 4 P’s (product, price, placement, and promotion) have positively significant impact on sales whereas the packaging has negative and very low level of impact on sales. It does imply that product, placement, promotion, price have descending level of impacts on sales in UPS market, respectively

Enhanced oil recovery by hydrophilic silica nanofluid: Experimental evaluation of the impact of parameters and mechanisms on recovery potential

Nanofluids as an EOR technique are reported to enhance oil recoveries. Among all the nanomaterial silica with promising lab results, economic and environmental acceptability are an ideal material for future applications. Despite the potential to enhance recoveries, understanding the two-fold impact of parameters such as concentration, salinity, stability, injection rate, and irreproducibility of results has arisen ambiguities that have delayed field applications. This integrated study is conducted to ascertain two-fold impacts of concentration and salinity on recovery and stability and evaluates corresponding changes in the recovery mechanism with variance in the parameters. Initially, silica nanofluids’ recovery potential was evaluated by tertiary flooding at different concentrations (0.02, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1) wt. % at 20,000 ppm salinity. The optimum concentration of 0.05 wt. % with the highest potential in terms of recovery, wettability change, and IFT reduction was selected. Then nano-flooding was carried out at higher salinities at a nanomaterial concentration of 0.05 wt. %. For the mechanism’s evaluation, the contact angle, IFT and porosity reduction, along with differential profile changes were analyzed. The recovery potential was found at its highest for 0.05 wt. %, which reduced when concentrations were further increased as the recovery mechanisms changed and compromised stability. Whereas salinity also had a two-fold impact with salinity at 30,000 ppm resulting in lower recovery, higher salinity destabilized the solution but enhanced recoveries by enhancing macroscopic mechanisms of pore throat plugging