JOURNALISTS’ PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDE TO SOCIAL MEDIA IMAGE USE DURING THE 2015 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGNS IN NIGERIA

This study examined journalists’ perception and attitude to social media image use by Scannews and NewsRescue Online media outfits during the 2015 presidential election campaigns in Nigeria. The study objectives centered on the volume of digital image usage, forms, context, intended purpose as well as the implications of displayed images for professional photojournalism. The study is anchored on Consequentialism ethical theory, Kant Deontological ethical theory and Virtue ethical theory. Three research designs namely; Content analysis, Experimental design and Survey method were adopted as procedures that elicited information for the study. Thus, Coding Sheet and Questionnaire were used as instruments for data collection. A sample of 57 photographs and 395 journalists were used. The study found a competitive usage of digital images by NewsRescue (29 images - 51%) and Scannews (28 images, 49%). The study further found the forms of digital image techniques used by Scannews and NewsRescue to include; toning, flatting, changing costumes, cloning and retouching. In addition, images displayed were found to be triggered by corruption, security consciousness of the aspirants and on health ground. Other motivations were driven by experience and competence of the candidates. Findings also show that the contexts of digital image usage by Scannews and NewsResue impede professional virtues of objectivity, accuracy, truthfulness, fairness and balance (r = 842 > P = .000). On the denotation of displayed images, the study found that, images were symbolic of a guy (8.8%), fighter (12.3%), hooligan (17.5%) and of animal (24.6%). The study further found that images were used to infer that the candidate is a saint, competent, dependable, experienced, capable and dangerous. Findings also show that the intended purposes of digital image usage by Scannews and NewsResue impede professional virtues of objectivity, accuracy, truthfulness, fairness and balance. There was significant difference between the intended purpose of digital image displayed and professional journalism practice (t = -3.388 > P = .001; P < .01). This study also found several problems for the utilization of digital images by Scannews and NewsRescue. The study finally established several techniques that conform to journalism professional standards. The research reached a conclusion that, journalism is a profession and every profession has its norms for responsible practice which must be upheld at all times. The study thus, recommends among others that; journalism as a profession is anchored on five key principles of objectivity, accuracy, truthfulness, fairness and balance which must be upheld in all published news photograph; and that news photographers should employ journalism canons as yardstick for ethical decisions regarding the use of photographs

JOURNALISTS’ PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDE TO SOCIAL MEDIA IMAGE USE DURING THE 2015 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGNS IN NIGERIA

This study examined journalists’ perception and attitude to social media image use by Scannews and NewsRescue Online media outfits during the 2015 presidential election campaigns in Nigeria. The study objectives centered on the volume of digital image usage, forms, context, intended purpose as well as the implications of displayed images for professional photojournalism. The study is anchored on Consequentialism ethical theory, Kant Deontological ethical theory and Virtue ethical theory. Three research designs namely; Content analysis, Experimental design and Survey method were adopted as procedures that elicited information for the study. Thus, Coding Sheet and Questionnaire were used as instruments for data collection. A sample of 57 photographs and 395 journalists were used. The study found a competitive usage of digital images by NewsRescue (29 images - 51%) and Scannews (28 images, 49%). The study further found the forms of digital image techniques used by Scannews and NewsRescue to include; toning, flatting, changing costumes, cloning and retouching. In addition, images displayed were found to be triggered by corruption, security consciousness of the aspirants and on health ground. Other motivations were driven by experience and competence of the candidates. Findings also show that the contexts of digital image usage by Scannews and NewsResue impede professional virtues of objectivity, accuracy, truthfulness, fairness and balance (r = 842 > P = .000). On the denotation of displayed images, the study found that, images were symbolic of a guy (8.8%), fighter (12.3%), hooligan (17.5%) and of animal (24.6%). The study further found that images were used to infer that the candidate is a saint, competent, dependable, experienced, capable and dangerous. Findings also show that the intended purposes of digital image usage by Scannews and NewsResue impede professional virtues of objectivity, accuracy, truthfulness, fairness and balance. There was significant difference between the intended purpose of digital image displayed and professional journalism practice (t = -3.388 > P = .001; P < .01). This study also found several problems for the utilization of digital images by Scannews and NewsRescue. The study finally established several techniques that conform to journalism professional standards. The research reached a conclusion that, journalism is a profession and every profession has its norms for responsible practice which must be upheld at all times. The study thus, recommends among others that; journalism as a profession is anchored on five key principles of objectivity, accuracy, truthfulness, fairness and balance which must be upheld in all published news photograph; and that news photographers should employ journalism canons as yardstick for ethical decisions regarding the use of photographs

The relationship of trust, demand, and utility: Be more trustworthy, then i will buy more

Abstract—In many marketplaces consumers may interact with more than one supplier in order to achieve a particular goal. This paper takes the position that trust mediates agent interactions and that agent demands are likely to increase with increasing trust. Furthermore, trust of one agent in another is updated based upon a trust model. The model proposed in this paper is one in which agent demands can be divided amongst suppliers with the division determined by trust. The model evaluates five prominent trust models in a hypothetical marketplace and demonstrates empirically that FIRE, Regret, Probabilistic Trust Models and a model due to Yu and Singh can be exploited such that a consumer agent will continue to interact with a malicious agent despite periodic contract defaults by the malicious agent. Empirical studies support the hypothesis that adaptive trust models such as AER are resistant to this type of exploitation and discourage periodic or cyclical defaulting on contractual obligations. I

Enrolment, Attrition and Graduation of the Girl Child in Public Junior Secondary Schools in South West Nigeria, 1996-2006

The study examined the enrolment, attrition and graduation of the girl child in Junior Secondary Schools in South West Nigeria from 1999 to 2006 during which five cohorts were produced. This is against the backdrop of the launching of the Universal Basic Education (UBE) Programme of the Federal Government of Nigeria in 1999, a programme that is designed not only to ensure that the child acquires basic skills in life but also to redress the gender imbalance in the Nigerian educational landscape and therefore ensure greater female participation in national development. Relevant data were collected through a Records Observation Format from 72 Junior Secondary Schools purposively selected from the urban and rural areas of the six States that constitute South West Nigeria namely Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oshun and Oyo States. Data collected were subjected to the t-test statistical analysis in consonance with the hypotheses formulated to guide the study. Results indicate no significant difference between enrolment and graduation in both urban and rural areas at 0.05 significant level indicating that the UBE programme is probably on course with respect to participation of the girl child. Among the recommendations are that brilliant but indigent female students be offered bursary and scholarship awards and that gender specific laws be enacted to protect female children from abuse and exploitation in order to ensure and assure their education

One Clock to Rule Them All: A Primitive for Distributed Wireless Protocols at the Physical Layer

Implementing distributed wireless protocols at the physical layer today is challenging because different nodes have different clocks, each of which has slightly different frequencies. This causes the nodes to have frequency offset relative to each other, as a result of which transmitted signals from these nodes do not combine in a predictable manner over time. Past work tackles this challenge and builds distributed PHY layer systems by attempting to address the effects of the frequency offset and compensating for it in the transmitted signals. In this paper, we address this challenge by addressing the root cause - the different clocks with different frequencies on the different nodes. We present AirClock, a new wireless coordination primitive that enables multiple nodes to act as if they are driven by a single clock that they receive wirelessly over the air. AirClock presents a synchronized abstraction to the physical layer, and hence enables direct implementation of diverse kinds of distributed PHY protocols. We illustrate AirClock's versatility by using it to build three different systems: distributed MIMO, distributed rate adaptation for wireless sensors, and pilotless OFDM, and show that they can provide significant performance benefits over today's systems

Foreign Language Learning and Low Socio-Economic Status

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