Economics of wind energy utilisation for water pumping and CO2 mitigation potential in Niger Delta, Nigeria

The wind characteristics of six locations in Niger Delta, Nigeria, and the economics of the application of wind energy for water pumping and possible avoidable CO2 emissions through wind utilisation were examined. The wind data were measured at 10 m height and analysed using the two-parameter Weibull model. Small size wind turbines were accessed with Goulds 45J03 water pump series. The average power density, average energy density and annual energy across locations ranged between 6.28<_ APD <_ 102.90 W/M2, 4.49 <_AED <_ 82.96 kWh/m2 and 422<_AE <_ 747 kWh/m2/year, respectively. Bergey Excel-10 kW turbine had the lowest cost of energy and water pumping cost of 0.022 <_ COE <_ 0.151 $/kWh and 0.074 <_ WPC <_ 0.403$/m3, respectively. The annual capacity of water yield varies from 21,847 to 120,206 m3/year on a total dynamic head of 50 m. Furthermore, the annual diesel saved across the locations ranged from 1605 to 8696 l/year (17.47 to 94.67 GJ/year), while the annual averaged CO2 saved was between 4.32 and 22.93 tons/year

Applications of small-scale, stand-alone wind energy conversion systems in rural Cross River State, Nigeria

The study presents the wind energy potential (WEP) for six locations in Cross River State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to assess the WEP of the selected sites for electricity generation, using small size wind energy conversion systems (WECs). The wind data were measured at 10 m height and ranged from 4 to 10 years. Additionally, the data were evaluated using the two-parameter Weibull function. Results obtained show that annual mean wind speed, vm, and Weibull parameters k and c range from 3.21 to 4.55 m/s, 3.32 to 6.69 and 2.99 to 5.40 m/s, in that order. The cost per kWh of energy for the selected WECs fluctuated between 0.0626 ≤ COE ≤ 0.1375 USD/kWh, while the avoidable CO2 emissions exist between 0.64 and 38.21 tons/year. However, the probable savings made from diesel was not greater than 14,524.94 litres/year for the locations with high WEP for small-scale stand-alone applications

End-use energy utilization efficiency of Nigerian residential sector

In this paper, the end-use efficiencies of the different energy carriers and the overall energy efficiency in the Nigerian residential sector (NRS) were estimated using energy and energy analysis. The energy and energy flows were considered from 2006 to 2011. The overall energy efficiency ranges from 19.15% in 2006 to 20.19% in 2011 with a mean of (19.96±0.23)% while the overall energy efficiency ranges from 4.34% in 2006 to 4.40% in 2011 with a mean of (4.31±0.059)%. The energy and energy efficiency margin was 15.58% with a marginal improvement of 0.07% and 0.02%, respectively when compared with previous results. The contribution of the energy carriers to the total energy and energy inputs were 1.45% and 1.43% for electricity, 1.95% and 3% for fossil fuel and 96.6% and 95.57% for bio-fuel. The result shows that approximately 65% of the residence use wood and biomass for domestic cooking and heating, and only a fraction of the residence have access to electricity. LPG was found to be the most efficient while kerosene, charcoal, wood and other biomass the least in this order. Electricity utilization energy efficiency is affected by vapor-compression air conditioning application apart from low potential energy applications. In addition, this paper has suggested alternatives in the end-use application and has demonstrated the relevance of energy analysis in enhancing sustainable energy policies and management and improved integration technique

CFD evaluation of pressure drop across a 3-D filter housing for industrial gas turbine plants

This paper investigated the flow distribution and total pressure drop across a designed 3-D filter housing integrated with a 3-stage filtration system using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The filter housing model was proposed for a heavy-duty industrial gas turbine plant operating at an average ambient temperature of 20°C.The pressure drops across the classes of filters were 652.8 Pa, 2692.2 Pa, 887.8 Pa, 776.2 Pa and 2304.2 Pa for I-GB, GB-GA, GA-FA, FA-HA, and HA-O, respectively. The results obtained indicated an acceptable total pressure drop of 7.2% for the entire filter housing before filter clean-up. Although the CFD simulation result shows that small outlet flow velocity and transonic flows exist at the outlet of the filter housing, the designed filter housing was proved compatible with the studied GT, for inlet flow conditions between 600⩽W air⩽610 kg/s and 60⩽vair⩽70 m/s for the air flow rate and velocity, respectively. Furthermore, the designed filter housing could be adopted for the studied GT and locations of Usan and Maiduguri in Nigeria, and other locations with similar environmental condition

A Typical Meteorological Year Generation Based on NASA Satellite Imagery (GEOS-I) for Sokoto, Nigeria

Energy remains the convergence point of most critical economic, environmental, and developmental issues confronting the wodd at the moment. Clean, efficient, stable, and sustainable energy seiVices are ideal for global prospe1ity. Energy is paramoru!l to achievi11g Nige1ia's Vision 20:2020 needed by the coruttly to be among the top 20 industiialized nations of the world. Lack of energy or its insufficiency in an economy is a potential source of social and economic pove1ty [I]. In general, a larger prop01tion of energy is found to be consumed in buildings in Nigeria as is the case in many countries. There is thus a growing concern about energy consrunp

Exergoeconomic and Environmental Modeling of Integrated Polygeneration Power Plant with Biomass-Based Syngas Supplemental Firing

There is a burden of adequate energy supply for meeting demand and reducing emission to avoid the average global temperature of above 2 °C of the pre-industrial era. Therefore, this study presents the exergoeconomic and environmental analysis of a proposed integrated multi-generation plant (IMP), with supplemental biomass-based syngas firing. An in-service gas turbine plant, fired by natural gas, was retrofitted with a gas turbine (GT), steam turbine (ST), organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for cooling and power production, a modified Kalina cycle (KC) for power production and cooling, and a vapour absorption system (VAB) for cooling. The overall network, energy efficiency, and exergy efficiency of the IMP were estimated at 183 MW, 61.50% and 44.22%, respectively. The specific emissions were estimated at 122.2, 0.222, and 3.0 × 10−7 kg/MWh for CO2, NOx, and CO, respectively. Similarly, the harmful fuel emission factor, and newly introduced sustainability indicators—exergo-thermal index (ETI) and exergetic utility exponent (EUE)—were obtained as 0.00067, 0.675, and 0.734, respectively. The LCC of $1.58 million was obtained, with a payback of 4 years, while the unit cost of energy was estimated at 0.0166$/kWh. The exergoeconomic factor and the relative cost difference of the IMP were obtained as 50.37% and 162.38%, respectively. The optimum operating parameters obtained by a genetic algorithm gave the plant’s total cost rate of 125.83 $/hr and exergy efficiency of 39.50%. The proposed system had the potential to drive the current energy transition crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic shock in the energy sector

A Typical Meteorological Year Generation Based on NASA Satellite Imagery (GEOS-I) for Sokoto, Nigeria

Computer simulation of buildings and solar energy systems are being used increasingly in energy assessments and design. This paper evaluates the typical meteorological year (TMY) for Sokoto, northwest region, Nigeria, using 23-year hourly weather data including global solar radiation, dew point temperature, mean temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. Filkenstein-Schafer statistical method was utilized for the creation of a TMY for the site. The persistence of mean dry bulb temperature and daily global horizontal radiation on the five candidate months were evaluated. TMY predictions were compared with the 23-year long-term average values and are found to have close agreement and can be used in building energy simulation for comparative energy efficiency study

Thermodynamic performance and environmental sustainability of adapted organic Rankine cycles at varying evaporator pressure

Thermodynamic performance and environmental sustainability (ES) of adapted organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) at varying evaporator pressure (EVP) are presented. The paper assesses the most sustainable ORCs at varying EVPs. The modified ORCs apart from the generic cycle include the ORC-internal heat exchanger (IHE), ORC-turbine bleeding, and ORC-turbine bleeding and regeneration. The considered performance indicators are power output (POT), overall exergy efficiency and overall exergy destruction (OED), while the ES indicators comprise waste exergy ratio (WER), exergetic sustainability index (ESI) and environmental effect factor (EEF). From the results obtained the OEF, OED and POT for the ORCs ranged between , and , respectively, at EVP of 2 and 3 MPa. Similarly, WER, ESI and EEF ranged between , and correspondingly, for the same EVPs. The findings indicate the ORC-IHE and ORC-turbine bleeding and regeneration are more sustainable using the R113 than R141b refrigerant

Photovoltaic performance prediction in Northern Nigeria using generated typical meteorological year dataset

Relevant meteorological files are needed by simulation software to assess the energy performances of buildings or efficiency of renewable energy systems. This paper adopts the Sandia method to generate typical meteorological year (TMY), using a 35-year hourly measured meteorological dataset from four stations in the northern region of Nigeria. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) for each year was compared with that of the long-term composite of all the years in the period for the seven major weather indices made up of relative humidity, wind speed, minimum temperature, global solar radiation, precipitation, mean temperature and maximum temperature. The 12 typical meteorological months (TMMs) selected from the different years were used for formulation of a TMY for the zone. In addition, performance assessment of a 72-cell polycrystalline solar PV module using the generated TMY and long-term (LT) values was also conducted. Two statistical indicators, the mean percentage error and the root mean square error, were adopted to evaluate the performance of each TMY with the LT mean, and also that of the PV energy system. Findings show that the TMMs are evenly spread within the data periods across the sites while closest fit between the long-term mean and TMY are obtained with the global solar radiation followed by the mean temperature in all the sites especially in Bida and Minna. From the energy system analysis carried out, it was found that TMY data are able to predict the performance of the PV system to within 5% of the LT data