Supplemental Material, Galectin-3_and_CIMT_manuscript_supplementary_tables_only_050418 - Plasma Galectin-3 and Sonographic Measures of Carotid Atherosclerosis in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

<p>Supplemental Material, Galectin-3_and_CIMT_manuscript_supplementary_tables_only_050418 for Plasma Galectin-3 and Sonographic Measures of Carotid Atherosclerosis in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study by Abayomi Oyenuga, Aaron R. Folsom, Oluwaseun Fashanu, David Aguilar, and Christie M. Ballantyne in Angiology</p

Baseline characteristics by sick sinus syndrome (SSS) diagnosis during follow-up, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study and Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS).

<p>Values correspond to means (standard deviations) or proportions. BMI: body mass index; CHD: coronary heart disease; HF: heart failure.</p><p>Baseline characteristics by sick sinus syndrome (SSS) diagnosis during follow-up, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study and Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS).</p

Association of Sick Sinus Syndrome with Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and Cardiovascular Health Study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is a common indication for pacemaker implantation. Limited information exists on the association of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) with mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We studied 19,893 men and women age 45 and older in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study and the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), two community-based cohorts, who were without a pacemaker or atrial fibrillation (AF) at baseline. Incident SSS cases were validated by review of medical charts. Incident CVD and mortality were ascertained using standardized protocols. Multivariable Cox models were used to estimate the association of incident SSS with selected outcomes.</p><p>Results</p><p>During a mean follow-up of 17 years, 213 incident SSS events were identified and validated (incidence, 0.6 events per 1,000 person-years). After adjustment for confounders, SSS incidence was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14–1.70), coronary heart disease (HR 1.72, 95%CI 1.11–2.66), heart failure (HR 2.87, 95%CI 2.17–3.80), stroke (HR 1.56, 95%CI 0.99–2.46), AF (HR 5.75, 95%CI 4.43–7.46), and pacemaker implantation (HR 53.7, 95%CI 42.9–67.2). After additional adjustment for other incident CVD during follow-up, SSS was no longer associated with increased mortality, coronary heart disease, or stroke, but remained associated with higher risk of heart failure (HR 2.00, 95%CI 1.51–2.66), AF (HR 4.25, 95%CI 3.28–5.51), and pacemaker implantation (HR 25.2, 95%CI 19.8–32.1).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Individuals who develop SSS are at increased risk of death and CVD. The mechanisms underlying these associations warrant further investigation.</p></div

Age, race, and sex-standardized rates (per 1000 person-years) of mortality and selected cardiovascular events in individuals with and without sick sinus syndrome (SSS), combined Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, 1987–2009, and Cardiovascular Health Study, 1989–2008.

<p>CI: confidence interval; IRR: incidence rate ratio.</p><p>Age, race, and sex-standardized rates (per 1000 person-years) of mortality and selected cardiovascular events in individuals with and without sick sinus syndrome (SSS), combined Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, 1987–2009, and Cardiovascular Health Study, 1989–2008.</p

Incidence rates of selected cardiovascular diseases by SSS status, overall and by race, sex and age groups, combined Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study and Cardiovascular Health Study, 1987–2009.

<p>Dark squares correspond to rates in SSS, light diamonds to rates in non SSS. Adj*: Standardized by age, sex and race to the combined ARIC and CHS person-time.</p

Cohort-specific and pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the association of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) with atrial fibrillation and heart failure, adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and accounting for pacemaker implantation, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, 1987–2009, and Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), 1989–2008.

a,b<p>Results correspond to Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, race, center, education, smoking, BMI, hypertension, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, diabetes, prevalent and time-dependent CHD, prevalent and time-dependent HF (for the AF analysis only), prevalent and time-dependent stroke, time-dependent AF (for the HF analysis only). Model ^a additionally adjusted for time-dependent pacemaker implantation.</p><p>Cohort-specific and pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the association of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) with atrial fibrillation and heart failure, adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and accounting for pacemaker implantation, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, 1987–2009, and Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), 1989–2008.</p

Cohort-specific and pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of mortality and selected cardiovascular diseases comparing individuals with and without sick sinus syndrome (SSS), Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, 1987–2009, and Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), 1989–2008.

<p>Model 1: Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, race, study center, education, smoking, body mass index, hypertension, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, diabetes, prevalent coronary heart disease, prevalent heart failure, and prevalent stroke. Model 2: Adjusted as in model 1, and for incident coronary heart disease, incident heart failure, incident stroke and incident atrial fibrillation as time-dependent covariates.</p

Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of atrial fibrillation by fish intake categories, ARIC, 1987–2008.

<p>CI: Confidence interval. HR: Hazard ratio. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, and race; Model 2: adjusted for center, age, race, sex, energy intake, body mass index, education, exercise levels, smoking status and amount, alcohol intake, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, use of cholesterol lowering medications, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medications, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and ECG-defined left ventricular hypertrophy.</p

Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of atrial fibrillation by combined dietary and biomarker DHA and EPA, ARIC Minnesota field center, 1987–2005.

*<p>Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, education, energy intake, exercise levels, smoking status and amount, alcohol intake, total cholesterol, use of cholesterol lowering medications, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medications, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and ECG-defined left ventricular hypertrophy.</p><p>CI: Confidence interval. HR: hazard ratio.</p

Hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of atrial fibrillation by categories of DHA+EPA intake, ARIC, 1987–2008.

<p>Dietary DHA and EPA adjusted for energy using the residual method. CI: Confidence interval. HR: Hazard ratio. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, and race; Model 2: adjusted for center, age, race, sex, energy intake, BMI, education, exercise levels, smoking status and amount, alcohol intake, HDL-C, LDL-C, use of cholesterol lowering medications, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medications, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and ECG-defined left ventricular hypertrophy.</p